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AIDS  TO  LATIN 

PROSE  COMPOSITION 


DESIGNED  FOR  USE  IN  THE  FIRST 
AND  SECOND  YEARS  OF  COLLEGE 


Vos  exemplaria  [Tulli] 
Nocturna  versate  manu,  versate  diurna. 

Horace. 


BY 

JAMES  A.  KLEIST,  S.J. 


NEW  YORK 

SCHWARTZ,  KIR  WIN  &  FAUSS 


Copyright*  1912,  by 
SCHWARTZ,  KIRW1N  &  FAUSS 


1  H  8  7  3  6 


PREFACE 


Few  will  deny  the  exceptional  value  of  Latin  as  an  educa¬ 
tional  instrument.  But  this  value  depends  in  no  small  degree 
upon  the  practice  of  Composition.  It  is  translation  from  Eng¬ 
lish  into  Latin  that  forces  thought  and  reflection.  There  is 
scarcely  an  intellectual  process  through  which  the  young  student 
has  to  go  that  requires  more  orderly  and  independent  thinking 
than  the  reproduction  “in  an  ancient  tongue  of  the  thoughts 
and  sentences  of  modern  speech.” 

From  the  nature  of  the  case,  a  book  providing  the  student 
with  “Aids  to  Latin  Prose  Composition”  is  quite  a  different 
thing  from  a  Latin  grammar.  The  latter  treats  of  the  various 
elements  that  enter  into  the  composition  of  Latin  speech,  and 
gives  the  student  such  a  knowledge  of  Latin  syntax  as  will 
enable  him  to  write  (and  speak)  correctly.  But  mere  grammat¬ 
ical  correctness  of  writing  is  not  all  that  we  aim  at  in  the  teach¬ 
ing  of  Latin  in  our  Colleges.  Over  and  above  this,  it  is  desira¬ 
ble  that  a  distinct  effort  be  made  to  acquaint  the  student, 
within  certain  limits,  with  those  fundamental  principles  that 
underlie  the  simple  elegance  of  the  genuine  Sermo  Latinus. 
It  is  the  knowledge  of  these  principles  that  aids  him  in  his 
appreciation  of  a  Ciceronian  line  or  paragraph.  Moreover, 
the  conscious  application  of  these  principles  in  his  own  Compo¬ 
sition  will  more  than  anything  else  impart  to  him  that  mental 
training  which  has  always  been  acknowledged  to  be  one  of  the 
chief  fruits  of  a  classical  education.  It  has,  therefore,  been  my 
aim  to  single  out  for  fuller  treatment  in  these  AIDS  such  mat¬ 
ters  of  Latin  syntax  only  as  have  seemed  to  me  to  stand  in  need 
of  special  insistence  for  purely  stylistic  reasons;  and,  while  I 
readily  admit  that  there  is  room  for  a  difference  of  opinion  as  to 


IV 


PREFACE 


what  is  important  and  what  is  not  in  the  teaching  of  Latin 
style,  it  will  be  found,  I  hope,  that  the  truly  characteristic  dif¬ 
ferences  between  the  Latin  and  English  idioms  have  been 
stated  with  sufficient  clearness. 

For  those  who  wish  to  use  the  AIDS  in  the  class-room,  it  may 
be  well  to  bear  in  mind  that  the  Lessons  herein  presented  for 
special  study  are  entirely  independent  of  one  another.  Con¬ 
sequently,  should  a  teacher — whether  for  lack  of  time,  or 
because  a  particular  point  is  not  deemed  of  sufficient  impor¬ 
tance — decide  to  omit  some  Lessons,  there  is  nothing  at  all  in 
the  AIDS  themselves  to  forbid  such  a  course  of  action.  Each 
Lesson  is  complete  in  itself  and  may  be  omitted  without  any 
detriment  to  the  whole.  If  the  sixty-two  Lessons  are  taken  as 
they  stand,  they  can  be  leisurely  gone  through  in  the  space  of 
two  years,  preferably  in  the  First  and  Second  Years  of  College : 
this  would  mean  about  one  Lesson  a  week. 

The  illustrative  examples,  as  well  as  the  great  bulk  of  the 
sentences  of  the  Exercises,  have  been  taken  from  the  writings  of 
Caesar  and  Cicero. 

I  desire  here  to  express  my  sincere  thanks  to  all  those  of 
my  colleagues  who  have  assisted  me  in  the  preparation  of  this 
book.  I  am  under  special  obligations  to  Prof.  I.  H.  Schmalz, 
the  distinguished  editor  of  the  Antibarbarus  and  author  of  an 
Historical  Grammar  of  Latin  Syntax  and  Style,  for  the  help  I 
have  derived  from  his  brief,  yet  exquisite,  statement  of  what  in 
his  opinion  should  constitute  the  essentials  of  a  college  student’s 
knowledge  of  Latin  style. 


James  A.  Kleist,  S.J. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

PART  I 

Parts  of  Speech 

A.  Nouns:  page 

1.  Concrete  preferred  to  abstract  nouns .  1 

2.  Where  Latin  is  more  specific  than  English .  4 

3.  Nouns  ending  in  -tor  and  -sor .  5 

4.  The  force  of  nouns  in  -io .  6 

5.  Accuracy  in  the  use  of  the  Plural .  8 

6.  English  nouns  rendered  by  Latin  verbs .  10 

7.  English  nouns  rendered  by  Latin  clauses .  11 

8.  English  nouns  rendered  by  Latin  Accusatives  with  Infinitives _  13 

9.  English  nouns  rendered  by  Latin  adjectives .  14 

10.  Formation  of  Word-Groups .  15 

B.  Adjectives: 

11.  English  adjectives  rendered  by  Latin  nouns .  18 

12.  English  adjectives  omitted  in  Latin .  19 

13.  English  adjectives  explaining  the  action  of  the  verb .  20 

14.  Latin  prefers  adjectives  of  quantity .  21 

15.  Plenus .  22 

16.  Latin  adjectives  in  the  singular  used  as  nouns .  23 

17.  The  same  (continued) . 24 

18.  Adjectives  in  the  plural  used  as  nouns .  25 

C.  Comparison: 

19.  The  positive  in  a  restricted  sense .  27 

20.  The  standard  of  comparison  omitted .  27 

21.  The  comparative  used  in  superlative  expressions .  29 

22.  The  superlative  often  elative .  30 

23.  The  meaning  of  Latin  diminutives .  31 

D.  Pronouns: 

24.  Pronouns  expressed  or  understood .  33 

25.  Possessive  pronouns .  33 

26.  Juxtaposition  of  Pronouns . 34 


V 


Vi  TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

PAGB 

27.  Reciprocity . .  35 

28.  Demonstrative  pronouns . .* .  36 

29.  The  pronoun  is  with  the  force  of  talis .  38 

30.  The  intensive  pronoun  ipse .  39 

31.  Quisquam  and  Ullus  ( aliquis ,  nesio  quis ) .  41 

32.  Quidam.  Quiddam.  Aliquid .  43 

33.  The  distributive  force  of  quisque .  44 

34.  Quisque  continued .  45 

E.  Prepositions: 

35.  The  Latin  preposition  in .  47 

36.  The  preposition  without .  48 

F.  Verbs: 

37.  Remarks  on  the  passive  voice .  50 

38.  English  phraseological  verbs .  51 

39.  Latin  verbs  as  equivalents  for  English  adverbs .  52 

G.  Adverbs: 

40.  Rendering  Latin  adverbs .  55 

41.  Hendiadys .  57 

H.  Negatives: 

42.  Non.  Nemo.  Nullus .  59 

43.  Negative  Combinations .  60 

PART  II 

Structure  of  Sentences 

44.  The  normal  order  of  a  Latin  sentence . .* .  63 

45.  Rhetorical  word-order.  Emphatic  position .  64 

46.  The  normal  word-order  (continued) .  65 

47.  Notes  on  the  emphatic  word-order .  67 

48.  Hyperbaton .  70 

49.  Chiasmus  and  anaphora .  71 

50.  Pronominal  connection  of  sentences .  73 

51.  Asyndeton .  74 

52.  The  simple  period .  76 

53.  Eliminating  English  subordinate  clauses .  78 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS  vil 

PAGH 

54.  Clauses  which  precede  the  principal  verb .  79 

55.  Clauses  which  follow  the  principal  verb .  80 

56.  Emphatic  position  of  clauses .  81 

57.  Types  of  sentence  structure .  82 

58.  Relative  in  combination  with  other  clauses .  83 

59.  A  combination  of  questions . 85 

60.  Periodic  writing .  86 

61.  Variety  combined  with  unity .  87 

62.  Historical  and  oratorical  periods  contrasted .  88 


Appendix 


1.  Dedication  of  Gettysburg  Cemetery,  by  Abraham  Lincoln .  91 

2.  The  Sailing  of  the  Spanish  Armada  from  Portugal,  by  A.  Froude  93 

3.  Heroic  Death  of  Dundee,  by  Th.  B.  Macaulay .  95 

4.  Lord  Clive’s  Victory  at  Plassey,  by  Th.  B.  Macaulay .  96 

5.  A  Letter  from  Cicero  to  Pompey .  98 

6.  The  Assassination  of  Clodius,  by  M.  T.  Cicero .  99 

7.  National  Sorrow  for  the  Loss  of  Nelson,  by  R.  Southey .  101 

Exercises  To  Be  Done  Into  Latin 

1.  Babel  (from  the  London  Globe) . . .  103 

2.  The  Events  following  the  Murder  of  Caesar . .  104 


Nihil  enim  est  aliud,  Brute,  pulchre  et  oratorie  dicere 
nisi  optimis  sententiis  verbisque  lectissimis  dicere. 

A  beautiful  oratorical  style,  my  dear  Brutus,  is  simply 
nothing  more  nor  less  than  the  expression  of  noble  thought  in 
exquisite  diction .  Cicero  Or.  227. 


vm 


PART  I :  PARTS  OF  SPEECH 

A.  NOUNS 
LESSON  I 


CONCRETE  PREFERRED  TO  ABSTRACT  NOUNS 

Litteras  Graecas  senex  didici: 

In  my  old  age  I  studied  Greek  literature. 

Romani  cum  Hispanis  bellum  gesserunt: 

Rome  was  at  war  with  Spain. 

Hoc  sentire  stulti  est: 

It  is  folly  to  think  so. 

Quotus  quisque  formosus  est 

How  rare  is  real  beauty !  ' 

Voces  indignantium: 

Cries  of  indignation. 

Labienus  socius  sceleris  esse  noluit: 

Labienus  refused  to  be  a  party  to  the  crime. 

Inter  sicarios  accusare: 

To  accuse  of  assassination. 

Themistocles  prudentia  Graeciam  liberavit : 

Themistoclis  prudentia  Graecia  liberata  est: 

The  statesmanship  of  Themistocles  saved  Greece. 

As  a  general  rule,  Latin  writers  are  concrete  in  their  expres¬ 
sions.  They  prefer  concrete  to  abstract  nouns,  the  name  of 
a  person  to  that  of  a  thing,  the  name  of  a  people  to  that  of  their 
country.  Moreover,  they  are  somewhat  averse  to  personify¬ 
ing  inanimate  objects. 


EXERCISES 

1.  Vera  dixit.  2.  Romani  ei  infesti  erant  omnes.  3. 
Servus  dat  signum  Clodii  decidendi.  4.  Agitur  res  publica. 
5.  His  lacrimis  non  movetur  Milo.  6.  Beatus  esse  sine  vir- 


l 


2 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


tute  nemo  potest.  Beati  esse  nemo  nisi  boni  possunt.  7. 
Bullarum  Verres  non  opere  delectabatur,  sed  pondere.  8. 
In  hunc  sensum  allicior  beneficiis.  9.  Accusandi  terrores  et 
minae,  quibus  tu  cotidie  uti  solebas,  sunt  fortis  viri.  10.  (For 
a  man  to  take  up  a  literary  career  although  he  lacks  the  natural 
talent  for  writing)  hominis  est  intemperanter  abutentis  et  otio 
et  litteris.  11.  Eum  multis  palam  ex  civitate  auctoribus 
interfecerunt.  12.  Quid  est  turpius  quam  auctore  hoste  de 
summis  rebus  capere  consilium?  13.  Ut  primum  ex  pueris  ex¬ 
cessit  Archias.  14.  Animus  gratus.  Animus  beneficiorum 
memor.  15.  Apud  inferos. 

1.  I  have  been  in  poor  health  from  childhood.  2.  After  the 
assassination  of  Clodius.  3.  We  believe  in  the  existence  of  a 
Deity.  4.  The  weight  of  opinion  would  be  against  us  if  we 
placed  Cicero  above  Demosthenes.  5.  He  went  with  a  mes¬ 
sage  to  Kolchis.  6.  We  started  out  at  sunrise.  7.  In  my 
youth  I  espoused  the  cause  of  my  country,  nor  will  I  in  my 
old  age  forsake  it.  8.  During  the  lifetime  of  Caesar  our  re¬ 
publican  institutions  remained  intact.  9.  During  Sulla’s 
dictatorship  murder  was  a  common  occurrence.  10.  Napo¬ 
leon  marched  through  Switzerland.  11.  He  is  the  Shah  of 
Persia.  12.  The  existence  of  God  is  a  matter  of  universal 
belief.  13.  These  books  treat  of  duty.  14.  In  spite  of  Piso’s 
opposition.  15.  “But  the  belief  that  corals  are  plants  re¬ 
mained  not  only  in  the  popular,  but  also  in  the  scientific  mind” 
(Huxley).  16.  The  arms  of  Greece  defeated  the  king  of  Persia. 
17.  Under  his  leadership.  18.  Hannibal  was  the  cause  of  the 
war. 


Vocabulary 


to  be  in  health:  valetudine  uti. 
to  be  against:  adversari,  w.  dat. 
to  start  out:  proficisci. 
intact:  integer. 
opposition:  contra  pugnare. 


poor:  infirmus. 

to  place  above:  anteponere,  w.  dat. 
to  espouse:  defendere. 
duty:  officium. 
coral:  coralium,  ii,  n. 


Notes 

1.  In  similar  connections,  however,  only  in  Graeciam  (notin  Graecos), 
per  Italiam,  e  Sicilia,  etc.,  could  be  used.  It  was  largely  a  matter  of 
usage  that  the  names  of  certain  countries  were  in  vogue  among  standard 
writers,  while  those  of  others  were  not.  Consult  your  dictionary. 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


3 


2.  This  preference  for  concrete  expressions  is  so  pronounced  that  ex¬ 
ceptions  are  found  comparatively  seldom. 

Quid  in  annos  singulos  vectigalis  populo  Romano  Britannia  penderet, 
constituit:  Caesar  fixed  the  tribute  which  Britain  was  to  pay  annually  to 
Rome. 

Doctrina  Graecia  nos  superabat:  Greece  surpassed  us  in  learning. 

Gallia  omnis  cum  Germanis  consentit:  All  Gaul  is  in  league  with 
Germany. 

3.  CONVERSELY,  abstract  nouns  are  in  certain  cases  used  quite 
freely  to  denote  concrete  ideas.  Thus: 

iuventus  for  iuvenes;  senectus  for  senes; 

pestis  for  homo  pestifer;  nugae:  jesters,  jokers,  humbugs; 

nobilitas  for  nobiles;  levis  armatura:  light-armed  troops. 

Compare  Cicero  Catii.  II,  §  25. 

Note  also  the  abstract  phrasing  in 

ad  dicendum  natus:  a  born  orator; 

eloquentiae  laude  florere:  to  be  a  distinguished  speaker ,  to  have 
achieved  distinction  as  an  orator. 

Clodius,  illa  furia  et  pestis : 

Clodius,  that  madcap  and  mischief-maker  ( bane  to  his  country). 

Demosthenes  longe  omnibus  eloquentia  praestitit: 

Demosthenes  was  by  far  the  greatest  orator. 

Utilitatibus  tuis  carere  possum: 

I  can  manage  to  get  along  without  your  services. 

Gallia  omni  nobilitate  spoliabatur: 

Gaul  was  robbed  of  all  her  men  of  rank  {nobility). 

Senectus  stipata  studiis  iuventutis : 

Old  men  surrounded  by  enthusiastic  youths,  or  by  young  enthusiasts. 

4.  The  sentence  “It  is  folly  to  think  so ”  may  be  rendered  in  two  ways: 

Hoc  sentire  stulti  est,  or 

Hoc  sentire  stultitiae  (stultitia)  est. 

The  former  emphasizes  the  (concrete)  person,  the  latter  the  (abstract) 
quality  of  foolishness.  In  like  manner,  there  is  some  little  difference 
between 

Litteras  Graecas  senex  didicit,  and 
Litterarum  perstudiosus  fuit  in  senectute. 

References.  Potts,  Latin  Prose  Composition,  pp.  29,  30. 
bach  §§14,  15. 


Naegels- 


4 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


LESSON  II 

WHERE  LATIN  IS  MORE  SPECIFIC  THAN  ENGLISH 


Novi  moderationem  animi  tui: 

I  know  your  self-control. 

Posse  mentes  audientium  permovere: 

The  power  of  swaying  an  audience  at  will. 

Milites  corpora  curant: 

The  troops  refresh  themselves. 

Genium  curabis: 

Be  good  to  yourself 

Ex  sua  natura  ceteros  fingunt: 

They  judge  others  by  themselves. 

The  greater  specificness  of  English  as  compared  with  Latin 
undoubtedly  constitutes  one  of  the  main  differences  between 
the  two  languages.1  Nevertheless,  in  certain  phrases,  when 
English  is  satisfied  with  a  pronoun  or  proper  name,  Latin  aims 
at  greater  precision  by  the  additional  use  of  some  appropriate 
noun,  especially  animus  and  corpus. 


EXERCISES 

1.  Verebaris,  ne  cuius  animum  offenderes.  2.  Caesar  militum 
animos  confirmavit.  3.  Tigranes  diffidentem  rebus  suis  (suis 
fortunis,  saluti  suae  desperantem)  confirmavit.  4.  Profectio 
eius  non  debet  animum  tuum  offendere.  5.  Contentum  suis 
rebus  esse  maximae  sunt  divitiae.  6.  Partim  eorum  rebus 
Caesaris,  partim  Pompei  studebant.  7.  Magnum  animo  cepi 
dolorem.  8.  Nemo  omnium  tam  est  immanis  cuius  mentem 
non  imbuerit  Dei  opinio.  9.  Qua  ex  re  futurum  dixit,  ut 
totius  Galliae  animi  a  se  averterentur. 

1.  He  debated  with  himself.  2.  The  Gauls  joined  Hannibal. 
3.  Take  good  care  of  yourself.  4.  Boys  take  much  exercise. 

1  Witness  the  extensive  use  made  by  Latin  writers  of  such  vague  and 
indefinite  words  as  res  and  ratio.  The  one  word  societas  may  serve  to 
translate  “  society,  alliance,  partnership,  association,  treaty  ”  and  other 
ideas.  See  H.  D.  Naylor,  Latin  and  English  Idiom,  pp.  11  sqq. 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


5 


5.  Pay  attention.  6.  Ever  since  his  conversion.  7.  Horace 
went  to  Athens  for  his  education.  8.  In  a  short  time  he  won 
over  the  whole  army.  9.  Just  imagine!  10.  To  bury  the  dead. 
11.  He  bribed  the  judges. 


Vocabulary 


to  debate:  deliberare.  to  join:  coniungere. 

to  take  much  {exercise):  multum  esse  in  (with  the  gerundive). 
conversion:  use  corrigere.  for  ( his  education):  causa. 

to  win  over:  conciliare.  to  imagine:  fingere. 

to  bribe:  corrumpere. 

References.  Potts,  p.  35. 


LESSON  III 

NOUNS  ENDING  IN  -TOR  AND  -SOR 


Tonsor,  orator,  cantor: 

Barber,  speaker,  singer  (by  profession). 

Creator  (  =  Parens)  huius  urbis,  Romulus: 

Romulus,  the  founder  of  this  city . 

Physicus,  id  est  speculator  venatorque  naturae: 

A  naturalist,  that  is  one  who  makes  a  specialty  of  the  thorough  investi¬ 
gation  of  nature. 

Aversor  pecuniae  publicae,  Verres: 

Verres,  that  ( notorious )  embezzler  of  public  money. 

Hanc  adepti  victoriam,  in  perpetuum  victores  erimus: 

One  more  victory  now,  and  we  have  established  our  supremacy  forever. 

Vitiorum  emendatricem  legem  esse  oportet: 

The  f  unction  of  the  law  should  be  to  correct  vice. 


Verbal  nouns  in  -tor  and  -sor  (- trix )  characterize  a  person 
as  one  engaged  in  a  permanent  occupation,  or,  in  the  case  of 
single  instances  of  action,  as  having  established  for  himself  a 
permanent  reputation.  In  the  Ciceronian  usage,  such  words 
are  often  employed  merely  for  rhetorical  effect. 


6 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


EXERCISES 

1.  Solon,  legum  scriptor.  2.  Politissimus  ille  scriptor,  Lysias. 
3.  Corruptor.  4.  Brutus,  interfector  Caesaris.  5.  Captator. 
6.  Vos  tanti  conservatorem  populi,  tanti  sceleris  ultorem,  ad 
supplicium  rapi  patiemini?  7.  Quid?  quod  habes  nomencla¬ 
torem?  8.  Fuisse  Messanam  omnium  Verris  furtorum  ac  prae¬ 
darum  receptricem  negare  non  poterunt.  9.  O  vitae  philo¬ 
sophia  dux,  o  virtutis  indagatrix  expultrixque  vitiorum.  10. 
Pamphilus,  Platonis  auditor. 

1.  The  previous  speaker  has  denied  this  report.  2.  The 
audience  kept  on  interrupting  the  speaker.  3.  That  author 
amuses  his  readers  with  funny  stories.  4.  The  first  speaker. 
5.  Our  liberator.  6.  Daniel  O’Connell  was  the  great  liberator 
of  Ireland.  7.  Prizes  were  awarded  to  the  best  singers.  8. 
The  successor  of  King  Numa.  9.  He  promised  a  reward  to 
the  deliverer  of  the  city.  10.  He  addressed  an  immense  audi¬ 
ence.  11.  A  spectator  in  the  first  row. 

Vocabulary 

to  interrupt:  interpellare.  funny  story:  narratiuncula. 

Ireland:  Hiberni,  orum.  to  award:  dare. 

row:  cavea  (theatri). 

Note 

Auctor  sum  is  very  common  in  the  sense  of:  I  advise. 

Ut  absim,  vehementer  mihi  auctor  est: 

He  strongly  advises  me  to  keep  away  ( from  Rome). 

Consilium  petis,  quid  sim  tibi  auctor: 

You  ask  what  I  advise  you  to  do. 

References.  Potts,  p.  38. 


LESSON  IV 

THE  FORCE  OF  NOUNS  IN  -IO 

Inventio:  Invention,  act  of  inventing,  faculty  of  invention. 
(Inventum:  Invention,  the  thing  invented.) 

Defensio:  Defending,  defence,  method  of  defence. 

Coniuratio:  Conspiracy.  Band  of  conspirators. 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


7 


Cuius  rei  nulla  est  occultatio: 

There  is  no  ( possibility  of)  hiding  this. 

Nihil  sibi  dubitationis  dari  respondit: 

He  replied  that  he  had  no  reason  to  hesitate. 

Quae  fuit  eius  peragratio  itinerum! 

Heavens,  what  style  of  travelling  that  man  adopted! 

A.  The  majority  of  nouns  in  -io  denote  action.  They  are 
used  when  in  the  writer’s  mind  the  action  is  more  important 
than  the  person  acting. 

B.  English  nouns  in  -ion  may  denote  both  action  in  the 
abstract,  and  its  concrete  result.  Latin  nouns  in  -io  are  more 
commonly  restricted  to  an  abstract  meaning,  while  concrete 
results  or  effects  are  expressed  by  nouns  in  -um  or  in  other  ways. 

C.  Some  nouns  in  -io,  especially  after  esse  and  habere,  denote 
the  method,  means,  or  possibility  of  doing  something. 

D.  Some  nouns  in  -io  are  used  both  in  a  concrete  and  in  an 
abstract  sense. 


EXERCISES 

1.  Cogitatio.  2.  Promissio.  Pollicitatio.  3.  Actio  tua  vehe- 
mentior  est.  4.  Cogitatio,  cogitatum,  notio,  consilium,  sensa, 
quidquid  aliquis  sentit.  5.  Rem  cogitatione  complecti.  6.  Dei 
opinio  omnium  mentes  imbuit.  7.  Gallorum  oppugnatio  haec 
est.  8.  Dubitatio.  9.  Quid  qualisque  animus  humanus  sit, 
ratione  discendum  est.  10.  Munitio.  11.  Cogitationem  a  con¬ 
suetudine  abducere.  12.  Sessiones  quaedam  contra  naturam 
sunt.  13.  Profectio  eius  non  debet  animum  tuum  offendere. 
Num  igitur  remansio? 

1.  Philosophy  is  an  invention  of  the  gods.  2.  The  promise 
of  help.  3.  To  make  a  promise.  4.  To  keep  a  promise. 
5.  To  break  a  promise.  6.  Cicero  bent  all  the  forces  of  his  mind 
to  the  preservation  of  his  country.  7.  To  commit  one’s 
thoughts  to  paper.  8.  To  read  a  person’s  thoughts  or  mind. 
9.  After  the  assassination  of  Clodius.  10.  Three  hundred 
years  after  the  foundation  of  Rome.  1 1 .  The  country  owes  its 
preservation  to  Cicero. 

Vocabulary 

forces  of  the  mind:  cogitationes. 
to  commit  to  paper:  litteris  mandere 
to  read  {mind):  assequi. 


8 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


LESSON  V 

ACCURACY  IN  THE  USE  OF  THE  PLURAL 

Pedibus  iter  facere: 

To  travel  on  foot. 

Dies  noctesque  timemus: 

Day  and  night  we  live  in  anxiety. 

Fumi  incendiorum  procul  videbantur: 

The  smoke  of  distant  fires  could  be  seen. 

Ingenia  nostrorum  hominum  multum  ceteris  hominibus  praestiterunt: 

Intellectually  our  countrymen  were  far  superior  to  any  nation  of  the  world. 

Indignationes:  Expressions  ( manifestations )  of  indignation. 

Vitia:  Wickedness. 

Cn.  et  P.  Scipiones:  Gnaeus  and  Publius  Scipio. 

The  plural  is  commonly  used  when  plurality  is  referred  to. 
Abstract  nouns  in  the  plural  carry  a  concrete  sense. 

EXERCISES 

1.  Totos  dies  atque  noctes  de  re  publica  cogitabat.  2.  In 
ora  hominum  pervenire.  3.  Catones.  4.  Animi,  cum  ex  cor¬ 
poribus  excesserunt,  in  caelum  perveniunt.  5.  Nostris  opta¬ 
biles  mortes  fuerunt  cum  gloria.  6.  Adventus  imperatorum 
nostrorum  sociis  nostris  graves  sunt.  7.  Horti.  Aquae.  8.  Cer¬ 
vices.  9.  Frigora.  Siccitates.  10.  Somnus  et  ceterae  quietes. 
11.  Exercitationes  virtutum.  12.  Septimus  mihi  liber  Origi¬ 
num  est  in  manibus.  13.  Nives.  14.  Adeste  omnes  animis, 
qui  adestis  corporibus.  15.  Viri  maximis  ingeniis  praediti. 
16.  Uva  nimios  solis  defendit  ardores.  17.  Vix  feram  sermones 
hominum. 

1.  Day  and  night  we  are  haunted  by  the  thought  that  our 
end  is  close  at  hand.  2.  Boys  like  to  take  exercise.  3.  The 
soldiers  took  to  flight.  4.  They  used  to  pray  and  sacrifice  the 
bvelong  day.  5.  Caesar  reassured  his  troops.  6.  In  the  con¬ 
sulship  of  Marcus  Messala  and  Marcus  Piso.  7.  Woe  to  a 
state  with  a  (man  like)  Cleon  at  its  helm.  8.  We  all  believe  in 
the  immortality  of  the  soul.  9.  We  cannot  all  of  us  be  Scipios. 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


9 


10.  The  Germans  were  of  immense  stature.  11.  I  have  always 
admired  poetic  genius.  12.  Glorious  is  the  death  of  a  general 
on  the  battle-field.  13.  While  everybody’s  attention  was  dis¬ 
tracted.  14.  Greek  is  read  in  almost  every  country.  15.  The 
cost  of  the  war  system  to  the  British  people  for  the  last  fifty 
years  is  enormous. 


Vocabulary 

I  am  haunted  by  the  thought:  cogitandum  mihi  est. 

to  take  exercise:  corpus  exercere.  livelong:  totus. 

woe  to:  miser  est.  to  be  at  the  helm  of:  praeesse. 

stature:  magnitudo  corporis  -  attention:  animus. 

distracted:  impeditus.  country:  gens. 


Notes 

1.  Manus  is  sometimes  used  in  the  singular  where  the  plural  alone  might 
seem  allowable. 

manum  (or  manus)  conserere:  to  come  to  close  quarters. 

in  manum  (manus)  alicuius  venire:  to  fall  into  somebody’s  hands. 

2.  Animus,  in  the  ablative  and  genitive  of  quality,  is  used  in  the  singular 
only. 

Bono  animo  sunt:  They  are  of  good  courage. 

Alacri  animo:  With  alacrity,  with  buoyant  spirits. 

Forti  animo  pugnabant:  They  fought  bravely  ( like  lions). 

Note  also:  pedem  referre:  to  retreat,  said  of  an  army. 

(in)  animum  inducunt:  they  resolve  ( upon  doing  something). 
dicunt  sibi  esse  in  animo:  they  say  that  they  purpose. 

Animi,  on  the  contrary,  when  used  of  one  person,  denotes  abundance,  or 
the  various  manifestations,  of  courage. 

Libros  laudando  animos  mihi  addidisti:  Your  favorable  notice  of  my  books 
has  been  an  encouragement  to  me. 

Quae  civitas  est,  quae  unius  tribuni  militum  animos  ac  spiritus  capere 
possit:  How  can  any  city  bear  the  arrogance  and  pride  of  even  one  of  our  mili¬ 
tary  tribunes f 

3.  “ Since  the  memory  of  man ”  is  either  post  hominum  memoriam  or 

post  homines  natos. 

4.  Opera  in  the  singular  means  service,  or  services;  operae,  -arum  means 
workmen,  laborers. 

Eorum  opera  utor  assidue:  I  make  constant  use  of  their  services. 

5.  Vita  is  often  used  in  the  singular  where  the  plural  might  be  expected. 
Petis  vitam  omnium  civium:  You  aim  at  the  lives  of  all  the  citizens. 

References.  Potts,  p.  40;  Antibarb arus,  s.  v.  animus 


10 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


LESSON  VI 

ENGLISH  NOUNS  RENDERED  BY  LATIN  VERBS 
Moriens: 

On  one's  death-bed;  with  one's  dying  breath. 

Turpe  est  mentiri: 

Lying  is  immoral. 

Vehementer  interest  omnium  recte  facere: 

Right  conduct  is  a  matter  of  vital  concern  to  all. 

Canere  docet: 

He  teaches  music — gives  lessons  in  music. 

Classical  Latin  shows  a  certain  poverty  of  nouns.  Perhaps 
the  most  convenient  way  of  supplying  this  deficiency  is  by 
means  of  the  verb.  The  modern  mind  is  more  abstract  and 
wants  nouns  for  the  expression  of  its  thoughts;  the  Latins,  on 
the  contrary,  were  more  concrete  and  had  more  frequent  re¬ 
course  to  the  verb. 

EXERCISES 

1.  Diu  mori.  2.  Libros  laudando  animos  mihi  addidisti. 
3.  Vagiens  puer.  4.  Nihil  ad  hanc  mansuetudinem  addi  potest. 
5.  Iniuria  retentorum  Romanorum  equitum.  6.  An  tu  dia¬ 
lecticis  ne  imbutus  quidem  es?  7.  Metrodorum  beatum  esse 
describit  his  verbis.  8.  Vacare  culpa  magnum  est  solacium. 
9.  Istuc  nihil  dolere  non  sine  magna  mercede  contingit.  10. 
Fama  appulsae  classis.  11.  Pudor  non  lati  auxilii.  12.  Idem 
velle  atque  idem  nolle,  ea  demum  firma  amicitia  est. 

1.  In  my  hearing.  2.  Your  advice  is  good.  3.  For  a  literary 
man  life  is  thought.  4.  After  the  foundation  of  Rome.  5.  I 
contemplate  a  trip.  6.  Home-sickness.  7.  The  superintendent 
of  the  navy  yard.  8.  There  is  all  the  difference  in  the  world 
between  an  excellent  .state  of  health  and  a  critical  illness. 
9.  The  news  of  the  capture  of  the  town.  10.  The  suspicion  of 
bribery.  11.  He  went  away  with  no  hope  of  return.  12.  I  do 
not  regret  my  past.  13.  We  will  take  a  day  for  deliberation. 
14.  Correspondence. 

Vocabulary 

literary:  doctus  et  eruditus.  7  contemplate:  cogito. 

superintendent:  praefectus  (followed  by  dative  of  gerundive). 
difference:  interest.  critical:  gravissime. 

I  regret:  paenitet  me. 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


11 


Note 

Sometimes  the  use  of  a  verb  for  the  corresponding  noun  will  necessitate 
a  slight  shifting  of  the  point  of  view  in  the  translation. 

“  The  President  has  just  entered  upon  his  third  year  of  office:  ” 

N.N.  tertium  nuper  annum  rei  publicae  praeesse  coepit. 

Here  “  President  ”  is  the  subject  of  the  sentence  in  English,  while  Latin 
expresses  the  same  idea  by  means  of  the  'predicate.  Thus  the  point  of 
view  is  shifted,  leaving  the  sense  intact. 

If  we  bear  this  in  mind,  the  Latin  “  annum  iam  tertium  regnat  ”  (Cic. 
Pomp.,  7)  will  at  once  suggest  a  variety  of  translations,  all  of  which  are 
correct,  but  only  one  of  which  may  best  suit  the  requirements  of  a  given 
context : 

He  has  been  king  for  more  than  two  years. 

He  has  worn  the  crown  going  on  three  years. 

It  is  over  two  years  since  his  accession  to  the  throne 

His  reign  dates  more  than  two  years  back. 

Caution. — While  verbs  are  always  convenient  and  sometimes  necessary 
substitutes  for  nouns,  still  the  student  needs  to  be  cautioned  against  an 
excessive  use  of  them.  As  they  usually  detract  from  the  force  of  style,  a 
too  frequent  use  would  be  fatal  to  vigorous  writing. 

References.  Arnold-Bradley,  Latin  Prose  Composition,  XIII,  94-99. 


LESSON  VII 

ENGLISH  NOUNS  RENDERED  BY  LATIN  CLAUSES 


Is  est  o-wrii/o,  qui  salutem  dedit: 

2 urifip  means  savior. 

Ut  vivere  liceat,  obsecrant: 

( The  gladiators)  beg  for  a  new  lease  of  life. 

Eae  ipsae  res,  quae  nunc  aguntur: 

The  issues  of  the  day. 

Rex  ita  discessit,  ut  arbitraretur: 

The  prince  departed  with  the  impression  .  .  . 

Non  laboravit,  quid  audiret: 

He  did  not  care  for  his  reputation. 

He  was  careless  of  his  character. 

Cum  ista  sis  auctoritate,  non  debes  arripere  maledictum  ex  trivio: 

A  man  of  your  standing  should  not  pick  up  a  reproachful  term  from  the 
gutter. 


12 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


Another  convenient  and  sometimes  indispensable  way  of 
rendering  English  nouns  is  by  means  of  entire  clauses.  Rela¬ 
tive  clauses  and  indirect  questions  are,  wherever  possible,  pre¬ 
ferred. 

EXERCISES 

1.  Ille,  qui  cepit  Syracusas.  2.  Si  cepisset  Syracusas. 

3.  Obest  interdum  iis,  qui  discere  volunt,  auctoritas  eorum,  qui 
se  docere  profitentur;  desinunt  enim  suum  iudicium  adhibere. 

4.  Fruges  et  reliqua,  quae  terra  parit  (gignit).  5.  Quid  fieri 
velit,  ostendit.  6.  Non  me  paenitet,  quantum  profeceris. 

7.  Te  quidem,  cum  isto  animo  sis,  satis  laudare  non  possum. 

8.  In  sententiis  ferendis,  quod  sentietis,  id  audete.  9.  Cum 
diu  multumque  vixerit.  10.  Est,  unde  discam,  nemo.  11.  Li¬ 
bere  id,  quod  sentit,  dicit.  12.  Quaero  ex  te,  quid  hac  de  re 
sentias.  13.  Dicendum  est  enim,  quod  sentio.  14.  Ea,  quae 
sensit,  prae  se  tulit.  15.  Intellexi  et  quid  de  me  iudicaretis  et 
quid  aliis  praescriberetis.  16.  Ille,  unde  cognovit.  17.  Quem¬ 
admodum  oppida  defenderent,  non  habebant.  18.  Inepti, 
quid  tempus  postulet,  non  vident.  19.  Extorsisti,  ut  faterer. 
20.  Quibus  evenit,  ut  iam  morerentur.  21.  Eo,  quo  intendit,  * 
mature  pervenit.  22.  Si  diligenter,  quid  Mithradates  potuerit 
et  quid  effecerit  et  qui  vir  fuerit,  consideraveris,  omnibus  regi¬ 
bus  hunc  regem  nimirum  antepones.  23.  Qui  peccarunt. 
Qui  nihil  commiserunt. 

1.  However,  notice  the  big  difference.  2.  Take  good  care  of 
your  health.  3.  I  ask  your  help.  4.  There  is  great  diversity 
of  opinion  regarding  the  nature,  seat  and  origin  of  the  soul. 

5.  The  object  of  our  affection.  6.  They  carry  out  the  order. 

7.  A  tributary  to  the  Rhone.  8.  With  full  knowledge  of  the 
facts.  9.  All  are  not  interested  in  their  studies.  10.  Some  dare 
not  express  their  opinion.  11.  Your  authority  for  that  state¬ 
ment.  12.  Express  your  opinion.  13.  I  *  will  tell  you  my 
opinion.  14.  They  remember  their  debtors  as  well  as  their 
creditors.  15.  No  Swiss  questions  the  existence  of  William 
Tell.  16.  The  ancients  were  not  quite  clear  about  the  true 
size  of  the  moon.  17.  Perhaps  I  do  not  make  my  meaning 
clear.  18.  I  have  something  to  say.  19.  His  successor. 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


13 


Vocabulary 

diversity  of  opinion:  dissensio.  affection:  diligere. 

I  am  interested:  mihi  curae  est,  ut.  Swiss:  Helvetius. 
to  question:  dubitare. 

Notes 

1.  Impression  must  not  be  conveyed  that  Latin  nouns  would  be  out  of 
place  in  all  the  sentences  of  the  above  Exercises. 

Explicanda  est  saepe  mens  nostra: 

Often  we  have  to  make  our  meaning  clear. 

Possumus  exprimere  dicendo  sensa: 

W e  have  the  power  of  expressing  our  thoughts  by  speech. 

Litteris  mando  cogitationes  meas: 

I  commit  my  thoughts  to  paper. 

2.  Rogatus  quid  sentiret: 

Being  asked  for  his  ( private )  opinion. 

Rogatus  sententiam: 

Being  asked  for  his  vote  (as  senator). 

3.  Si  quid,  with  a  fine  touch  of  doubt  or  seeming  modesty,  is  of  frequent 
occurrence  in  Cicero  for  the  somewhat  bolder  quidquid. 

Si  quid  in  dicendo  consequi  possum: 

My  attainments  (such  as  they  are )  in  the  field  of  oratory. 

Si  quid  profecimus  (consecuti  sumus): 

Such  success  as  I  have  met  with. 

Si  quid  telorum  erat,  ex  aedibus  extulit: 

He  had  the  whole  stock  of  missiles  carried  out  of  the  building. 

4.  Note  also  phrases  formed  by  means  of  quidquid. 

Quidquid  progredior: 

At  every  step  forward. 

Quidquid  increpuit,  pertimescit: 

He  startles  at  every  (the  least)  noise. 

Quidquid  postea  vixerimus,  id  omne  destinatum  ignominiae  est: 

Hereafter  every  hour  of  our  lives  is  doomed  to  disgrace. 

Quidquid  a  bellis  populi  Romani  vacabat: 

Every  minute  of  leisure  which  the  wars  of  the  Roman  people  left  him c 

References.  Arnold-Bradley,  XXII,  174-175. 

LESSON  VIII 

ENGLISH  NOUNS  RENDERED  BY  ACCUSATIVES  WITH 

INFINITIVES 

Maximam  esse  vim  amicitiae  facile  intellegitur: 

The  great  importance  of  friendship  is  easy  to  understand. 

Hac  spe  decedebam,  ut  putarem  brevi  me  rediturum  esse: 

I  left  in  the  hope  of  an  early  return. 


14 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


Conscientia  sustentor,  cum  cogito  me  omni  vacare  culpa: 

I  am  sustained  by  the  consciousness  of  my  innocence. 

Accusatives  with  Infinitives  are  particularly  apt  substitutes 
for  English  nouns.  (However,  they  very  seldom  depend  on 
nouns  directly.) 

EXERCISES 

1.  Pherecydes  primus  dixit  animos  esse  hominum  sempiter¬ 
nos.  2.  Negant  id  fieri  posse.  3.  Voluisse  interfici  Caesarem 
crimen  est.  4.  Firmissimum  hoc  adferri  videtur  cur  Deum  esse 
credamus.  5.  Pervulgatum  est  illud  Solonis  neminem  ante 
mortem  esse  beatum  dicendum.  6.  Confiteri  nescire,  quod 
nescias.  7.  Nec  unquam  sum  assensus  veteri  illi  proverbio, 
quod  monet  mature  fieri  senem,  si  diu  velis  senex  esse. 

1.  There  are  no  traces  of  his  presence  on  the  scene.  2.  I  am 
interested  in  your  victory.  3.  He  believes  in  the  possibility  of  a 
cure.  4.  We  believe  in  the  existence  of  God.  5.  The  news  of 
the  flood  of  Paris  has  alarmed  us  all.  6.  The  teaching  of  the 
sceptics  that  we  must  doubt  of  everything  is  absurd.  7.  “This 
nation  is  dedicated  to  the  proposition  that  all  men  are  born 
equal.” 

Vocabulary 

trace:  vestigium.  7  am  interested:  mea  interest. 

flood:  aquae.  teaching:  opinio. 

to  dedicate:  consecrare  ad  (in),  proposition:  sententia. 


LESSON  IX 

ENGLISH  NOUNS  RENDERED  BY  LATIN  ADJECTIVES 

Summus  mons: 

The  top  of  the  mountain. 

Media  urbs: 

The  middle  {heart)  of  the  city. 

Imus  collis: 

The  foot  of  the  hill. 

Extremo  anno: 

At  the  end  of  the  year. 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


15 


Whenever  certain  adjectives  (especially  summus,  medius, 
imus,  primus  and  extremus)  affect  but  part  of  the  thing  which 
they  qualify,  they  may  be  readily  translated  by  English  nouns. 

EXERCISES 

1.  Ex  media  morte  ereptus.  2.  Sapientia  prima  est  stultitia 
caruisse.  3.  Infima  auricula.  4.  Media  dimicatio.  5.  Primo 
diluculo.  6.  Prima  nocte.  Primis  tenebris.  7.  Quid  melius 
quam  in  mediis  vitae  laboribus  obdormiscere?  8.  In  extremo 
ponte  turrim  constituit.  9.  Hoc  tantum  bellum  Pompeius 
extrema  hieme  paravit,  ineunte  (primo)  vere  suscepit,  media 
aestate  confecit.  10.  Primo  adventu. 

1.  It  is  the  height  of  folly.  2.  At  the  bottom  of  the  sea. 
3.  The  surface  of  the  water.  4.  The  depth  of  grief.  5.  In  the 
beginning  of  spring.  6.  At  break  of  day.  7.  The  bowels  of  the 
earth.  8.  Reared  in  the  lap  of  luxury.  9.  The  tips  of  the 
fingers.  10.  Vanguard;  centre;  rearguard.  11.  From  the  open¬ 
ing  (first  day)  of  the  siege. 


luxury:  lautitiae. 


Vocabulary 


siege:  obsidio. 


Note 

In  the  above  signification,  summus,  etc.,  do  not  necessarily  precede  the 
noun. 

Thus,  media  insula:  the  middle  of  the  island; 

yet:  in  colle  medio:  half-way  up  the  hill; 
in  extremo  ponte:  at  the  end  of  the  bridge; 
yet:  in  hac  insula  extrema:  at  the  end  of  this  isle. 

References.  Arnold-Bradley,  IX,  60-62. 


LESSON  X 

FORMATION  OF  WORD-GROUPS 

Homines,  qui  nunc  sunt:  Pugna  ad  Salamina  facta: 

People  nowadays.  The  battle  of  Salamis. 

Incredibilis  apud  Tenedum  pugna  illa  navalis: 

That  marvelous  naval  fight  off  Tenedus. 


16 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


Graecae  de  philosophia  litterae: 

Greek  philosophical  literature. 


Res  domesticae: 

Events  at  home,  at  our  doors. 


Meus  de  amicitia  liber:  Iter  nocturnum: 

My  essay  on  friendship.  Travelling  by  night. 

While  English  is  able  to  express  a  compound  idea  by  means 
of  a  group  of  words  held  together  by  mere  juxtaposition  or  by 
a  preposition,  Latin  has  an  aversion  to  such  looseness  of  con¬ 
struction.  Some  of  the  means  to  insure  close  grouping  appear 
from  the  above  illustrations. 


EXERCISES 

1.  Evolve  diligenter  Platonis  librum,  qui  est  de  anima. 
2.  Insula,  quae  est  in  Rheno.  3.  Pons,  qui  est  ad  Genavam. 
4.  Lex,  quae  ad  ludos  pertinet.  5.  Res  in  Hispania  gestae. 
6.  Tua  in  me  merita.  7.  Nulla  in  agro  opera  maiora.  8.  Bel¬ 
lum  cum  Poenis  gestum.  9.  Laelii  de  amicitia  sermo.  10.  Men¬ 
tis  ad  omnia  caecitas.  11.  Incredibilis  apud  Tenedum  pugna 
illa  navalis. 

1.  A  trip  across  the  ocean.  2.  Roosevelt’s  hunting  expedi¬ 
tion  to  Africa.  3.  That  house  over  there.  4.  An  essay  on 
friendship.  5.  Our  war  of  independence  is  the  greatest  event 
in  the  history  of  this  country.  6.  The  war  with  the  Persians 
made  Greece  famous.  7.  A  letter  to  a  friend.  8.  An  essay  on 
the  State.  9.  Many  pre-Socratic  philosophers.  10.  Philip’s 
letter  to  his  son.  11.  I  praise  you  highly  for  your  strenuous 
efforts  in  my  behalf. 

Vocabulary 

hunting  expedition:  venatio.  independence:  ius  libertasque. 

to  be  made  famous:  gloriam  consequi.  strenuous:  summus. 
effort:  studium. 

Note 

CONTRARY  TO  THE  GENERAL  RULE,  groups  of  words  without 
any  further  connectives  are  easily  formed  in  Latin  in  the  following  cases: 

a.  By  the  prepositions  ex,  de,  cum,  sine: 
signa  ex  aere:  statues  of  bronze; 
liber  de  amicitia:  an  essay  on  friendship; 
homo  cum  re:  a  man  of  substance; 
homo  sine  re:  a  man  without  means; 
cum  dignitate  otium:  honorable  retirement ; 
homo  sine  litteris:  an  illiterate; 
mors  cum  gloria:  a  glorious  death. 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


17 


sine  doctrina  natura:  untutored  nature. 

bonus  et  utilis  et  e  re  publica  civis:  a  good ,  useful  and  public- 

spirited  citizen. 

b.  In  the  dative  of  the  gerundive  (to  designate  standing  committees,  col¬ 

leges,  or  commissions) : 

decemviri  legibus  scribundis:  the  Composers  of  the  Twelve  Tables 
(lit.  a  committee  of  ten  for  codifying  the  laws). 

( A  committee  on  Ways  and  Means:  [septemdecimviri]  augendis  re¬ 
ditibus  publicis  or  conficiendae  pecuniae). 

c.  With  many  nouns  the  verbal  force  of  which  is  still  felt: 

excessus  e  vita:  death; 

discessus  animi  ex  corpore:  the  separation  of  the  soul  from  the  body; 

domum  reditio:  the  return  home; 

provocatio  ad  populum:  the  appeal  to  the  commons; 

Narbone  reditus:  the  return  from  Narbo; 

Iustitia  est  obtemperatio  scriptis  legibus:  Justice  is  obedience  to 
the  written  law. 

d.  With  the  noun  in  the  genitive  or  ablative: 

puer  decem  annorum:  a  lad  ten  years  old; 

vir  acri  ingenio:  a  shrewd  man;  a  man  of  keen  intellect; 

caerimoniae  sepulchrorum:  burial  rites; 

operarius  lingua  celeri:  said  of  a  “  glib  talker 

summo  loco  adulescens:  a  youth  of  distinguished  family; 

homo  nomine  Vertico:  one  Vertico; 

dissimillimo  ex  genere  homines:  a  motley  crowd; 

pons  fluminis:  a  bridge  across  the  river; 

vox  virtutis:  the  word  “  virtue  ” ; 

homo  summae  potentiae:  a  very  influential  man; 

homines  eius  modi:  people  of  that  kind; 

magni  formica  laboris:  a  hard-working ,  industrious  ant. 

e.  In  the  case  of  an  apposition: 

flumen  Rhenus:  the  Rhine; 
urbs  Roma:  the  city  of  Rome; 

Cato  senex:  Cato  in  his  old  age. 

(Also:  id  aetatis  duo  filii:  two  sons  of  that  age.) 

References.  Menge,  Repetitorium,  13. 


B.  ADJECTIVES 


LESSON  XI 

ENGLISH  ADJECTIVES  RENDERED  BY  LATIN  NOUNS 

Castra  hostium: 

The  hostile  camp. 

In  summo  periculo  civium: 

In  a  national  crisis. 

Species  utilitatis: 

Apparent  usefulness. 

Bracchiorum  robore  nimis  fretus,  periit: 

Relying  too  much  on  his  brawny  arm ,  he  perished. 

English  adjectives  may  be  rendered  by  Latin  nouns  when 
Latin  lacks  the  corresponding  adjective,  or  especially  when  the 
idea  expressed  by  an  English  adjective  calls  for  emphasis. 

EXERCISES 

1.  Auctore  hoste  de  summis  rebus  consilium  capere.  2.  Di¬ 
gnitas  hominis.  3.  Multarum  rerum  usus.  4.  Rex  senex. 
5.  Tirones  milites.  6.  Atrocitas  sceleris.  7.  Temeritas  con¬ 
silii.  8.  Carpetani  non  tam  bello  moti  sunt,  quam  itineris 
longinquitate.  9.  Admiror  arborum  proceritates.  10.  Tristi¬ 
tiam  illorum  temporum  non  subiissem.  11.  Musicorum  aures. 
12.  Omnium  rerum  caecitas.  13.  Cursus  honorum.  14.  Ino¬ 
pia  rerum  omnium.  15.  Studia  humanitatis. 

1.  Public  opinion.  2.  Bodily  pain.  3.  Universal  joy.  4.  The 
Italian  coast.  5.  Philosophical  precepts.  6.  A  victorious 
army.  7.  A  sweet  voice.  8.  Bad  times.  9.  Caesar  feared  to 
expose  his  army  to  that  mighty  stream.  10.  An  influential  per¬ 
sonage.  11.  Bodily  strength.  12.  Peaceful  pursuits.  13.  I 
am  a  great  admirer  of  poetic  genius.  14.  In  popular  thought. 
15.  Literary  work.  16.  Wise  sayings.  17.  Judicial  decisions. 
18.  Not  a  real  difference,  but  a  mere  dispute  about  words. 

18 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


19 


Vocabulary 


opinion:  existimatio. 
personage:  homo. 
work:  studium. 
decision:  sententia. 


to  expose:  obicere. 
thought:  opinio. 
saying:  vox. 
difference:  discordia. 


References.  Potts,  39;  Arnold-Bradley,  IX,  59. 


LESSON  XII 


ENGLISH  ADJECTIVES  OMITTED  IN  LATIN 


Natural  talent: 
Sensual  pleasure: 
Whole  armies: 

Real  worth: 

With  the  hare  hand: 


Ingenium. 

Libido. 

Exercitus. 


Virtus. 

Manu. 


Such  adjectives  as  are  implied  in  the  noun  which  they  qualify 
are  not  specially  translated. 


EXERCISES 


1.  Indoles.  2.  Potentia.  3.  Partes.  4.  Opes.  5.  Egestas. 
6.  Gratia.  7.  Splendor.  8.  Cultus.  9.  Gaudium.  10.  Species. 
11.  Modum  servare.  12.  Homo  agrestis.  13.  Retinere  ani¬ 
mam.  14.  Aspectu  legiones  exterruit.  15.  In  acie.  16.  Ven¬ 
tum  exspectare.  17.  Stipendium.  18.  Usus  (usus  rerum). 
19.  Casu.  20.  Panis.  21.  Si  parcent  animae  fata  superstiti. 
22.  Non  sine  causa.  23.  Occupatio.  24.  Ut  ad  rem  veniamus. 
25.  Laetitia. 

1.  At  the  right  time.  2.  A  personal  enemy.  3.  Devoted  love. 
4.  In  grateful  remembrance.  5.  Mere  mortals.  6.  Subjective 
opinion.  7.  The  soldiers  placed  their  whole  hope  of  victory  in 
personal  valor. 


Note 


In  a  similar  way,  possessive  pronouns  or  adverbs  are  omitted  when 
already  implied  in  another  word  or  in  the  whole  context.  See  Lessons  24 
and  40,  4 

Litterae  tuae  exiguam  significationem  tuae  erga  me  voluntatis  habebant: 

Your  letter  conveys  but  a  slight  expression  of  your  good  will  towards  me . 

Possum  Latine  (Anglice)  loqui: 

I  can  speak  the  King’s  English  plainly. 

References.  Potts,  pp.  23,  24. 


20 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


LESSON  XIII 

ADJECTIVES  EXPLAINING  THE  ACTION  OF  THE  VERB 

Helvetii  ea  spe  deiecti  naves  iunxerunt: 

Whereupon  the  disappointed  Helvetii  lashed  barges  together. 

Socrates,  qua  erat  constantia-  quae  erat  eius  constantia- 

ut  erat  (cum  esset)  constans-  pro  sua  constantia- 
ut  erat  insigni  constantia- 
effugere  ex  carcere  noluit: 

True  to  his  principles  {firm  in  his  purpose ),  Socrates  refused  to  escape 
from  the  prison. 

With  his  wonted  firmness,  Socrates  would  not  hear  of  an  escape. 

Socrates  was  consistent  enough  to  refuse  to  escape. 

Our  pious  ancestors  built  numerous  temples: 

Maiores  nostri  pro  sua  erga  Deum  pietate  multas  aedes  sacras 
aedificarunt. 

When  English  adjectives  (or  phrases  made  up  of  nouns  and 
adjectives)  are  intended  to  explain  the  action  expressed  by  the 
verb,  Latin  employs  a  periphrasis  similar  to  those  indicated 
above. 

EXERCISES 

1.  Themistocles,  quod  erat  eius  ingenium,  quanto  in  periculo 
esset  salus  patriae,  non  poterat  non  videre.  2.  Tu,  pro  tua 
prudentia,  quid  optimum  factu  sit,  facile  videbis.  3.  Qua  pru¬ 
dentia  es,  nihil  te  fugiet.  4.  Confido,  quae  tua  prudentia  et 
temperantia  est,  te  iam  valere.  5.  Non  dubito  quin,  quod  tuum 
est  iudicium  de  hominibus,  hominem  ad  opus  illud  utilissimum 
sis  delecturus. 

1.  His  enfeebled  body  was  not  equal  to  the  hardships  of  the 
long  and  painful  journey.  2.  With  our  characteristic  impa¬ 
tience  of  delay.  3.  Whereupon  the  infuriated  Hannibal  (Han¬ 
nibal  in  his  fury)  ordered  the  men  of  the  captured  town  to  be 
cut  to  pieces.  4.  “It  was  the  scholar  in  him  that  made  him 
impatient  of  half-formed  conclusions.”  5.  This  wit  exercised 
considerable  influence  over  the  king. 

Vocabulary 

enfeebled:  infirmus.  I  am  not  equal  to:  non  perfero. 

delay:  mora. 

half-formed  conclusions:  si  quid  minus  commode  dictum  est. 

to  exercise  influence  over:  valere  apud. 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


21 


Note 

The  same  effect  may  be  obtained  by  homo  or  vir  placed  in  apposition 
with  an  adjective. 

Homo  sapiens  .  .  .  multa  vidit:  Sagacious  as  he  was,  he  saw  many  things. 
Pansa,  praestanti  vir  ingenio,  id  confessus  est:  Pansa,  shrewd  as  he  is, 
( The  shrewd  Pansa )  has  admitted  this. 


LESSON  XIV 


LATIN  PREFERS  ADJECTIVES  OF  QUANTITY 


Magnus  amicus: 

Magna  voce  loqui: 

Magna  inter  eos  exsistit  controversia: 

Multae  litterae: 

Multa  potius  quam  longa  vita: 

Summa  celeritate: 

Summum  in  cruciatum  venerunt: 


An  influential  friend. 

To  speak  loud. 

A  violent  dispute  arose  between  them. 
Vast  learning. 

An  eventful  rather  than  long  life. 

At  top  speed. 

They  incurred  the  most  cruel  punish¬ 
ment. 


Latin  has  a  fondness  for  adjectives  of  quantity,  especially 
magnus,  multus,  summus.  English,  on  the  contrary,  prefers 
such  as  denote  quality. 

EXERCISES 

MAGNUS.  1.  Magnum  aes  alienum.  2.  Magnum  vin¬ 
culum.  3.  Magnus  fletus.  4.  Tantum  frigus.  5.  Magni  ibi 
fluctus  fiunt.  6.  Magna  res.  7.  Magnum  desiderium.  8.  Max¬ 
imae  gratiae.  9.  Magnus  error.  10.  Magna  quaestio  est. 
11.  Maxima  voce.  12.  Maior  natu.  13.  Magna  occasio. 

14.  Magnam  habeo  gratiam.  15.  Fit  magna  caedas.  16. 
Tanta  vis  fuit  psenitendi.  17.  Mihi  cum  Murena  et  magna  et 
vetus  amicitia  est.  18.  Magna  proponit  iis,  qui  eum  occiderint, 
praemia.  19.  Magno  cum  fletu. 

1.  An  important  war.  2.  Deep  mourning.  3.  Critical  times. 
4.  Dearly  bought.  5.  By  forced  marches.  6.  To  value  highly. 
7.  To  sell  dear.  8.  Not  without  grave  reason.  9.  A  mere, 
blind  chance.  10.  Ardent  love.  11.  To  speak  louder.  12.  To 
buy  at  a  high  figure.  13.  A  heavy  shower.  14.  Keen  interest. 

15.  By  dint  of  hard  work.  16.  Our  native  horses  fetch  high 
prices. 


22 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


MULTUS.  SUMMUS.  1.  Multo  die.  2.  Multo  mane. 

3.  Summa  hieme.  4.  Summa  aestas.  5.  Sermonem  in  multam 
noctem  produximus.  6.  Vos  tum  plus  in  re  publica  vidistis. 

7.  Summam  spem  nostram  superavit.  8.  In  summa  copia. 

9.  Cum  diu  multumque  vixeris.  10.  Summum  ius.  11.  Vir 
summa  religione.  12.  Summum  supplicium. 

1.  Profound  peace.  2.  In  the  dead  of  night.  3.  A  long  con¬ 
versation.  4.  The  Athenians  are  a  maritime  power.  5.  At  a 
ripe  old  age.  6.  Grinding  poverty.  7.  Exquisite  workmanship. 

8.  With  the  full  consent  of  Catulus.  9.  Crying  injustice. 

10.  Many  eminent  men. 


Vocabulary 


shower:  imber.  native:  vernaculus. 

power:  (multum)  valere.  workmanship:  artificium. 

consent:  voluntas. 


Notes 


1.  Sum  multum  cum  Phaedro: 

I  associate  a  great  deal  with  Phaedrus. 

2.  Multus  (Multum)  sum  in  aliqua  re: 

(a)  I  am  busy  about,  or  engaged  in,  doing  a  thing. 

Multi  sunt  in  venatione  Germani: 

The  Germans  are  great  hunters  or  fond  of  hunting. 

(b)  7  am  verbose,  diffuse,  minute  (=  longus  sum). 

Ne  multus  sim:  Not  to  speak  at  great  length — to  make  a  long  story  short— 
to  be  brief — in  a  word. 


LESSON  XV 

PLENUS 

A  haughty  gesture:  Gestus  superbiae  plenus. 

A  kind  letter:  Litterae  humanitatis  plenae. 

In  his  search  for  Latin  equivalents  of  English  adjectives,  the 
student  will  sometimes  profitably  turn  to  plenus  which,  together 
with  some  suitable  noun,  will  express  his  idea  accurately. 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


23 


EXERCISES 

1.  A  criminal  scheme.  2.  Alarming  news.  3.  A  dignified 
answer.  4.  A  jolly  good  fellow.  5.  A  sour  old  man.  6.  A 
sleepy  consul.  7.  Vox  plena  gravitatis,  plena  auctoritatis, 
plena  denique  salutis.  8.  Curiosus  et  plenus  negotii.  9.  A 
learned  treatise. 

Vocabulary 

jolly:  (ineundus).  sour:  (morosus). 


LESSON  XVI 

LATIN  ADJECTIVES  IN  THE  SINGULAR  USED  AS  NOUNS 

There  is  some  difference  of  idiom  between  the  English  and 
the  Latin  way  of  using  adjectives  with  the  force  of  nouns. 

The  masculine  gender  of  adjectives  in  the  singular  is  used 
with  the  force  of  a  noun  in  a  collective  sense,  especially  in  the 
genitive  with  esse. 

Doctus:  A  learned  man.  Probus:  A  good  man. 

Mortuus:  A  dead  man. 

Pauperis  est  numerare  pecus:  None  but  the  poor  man  counts  his  flock. 

Besides,  adjectives  denoting  nationality  are  used  with  the 
force  )f  nouns  when  they  stand  in  apposition  with  proper  names. 

Miltiades  Atheniensis:  Miltiades ,  a  native  of  Athens;  the  Athenian  M. 

But:  Atheniensis  quidam:  A  ( certain )  Athenian. 

Romanus  quidam:  A  ( certain )  Roman. 

Homo  Romanus:  A  ( typical )  Roman,  a  Roman  of  the  old  stamp. 

Homo  probus:  (A  certain  individual  who  is)  a  good  man. 

EXERCISES 

1.  Iracundus  non  semper  iratus  est.  2.  Parcitur  inermi. 
3.  Id  imprudentis  esse  videbatur.  4.  Potentis  non  est  facere, 
quod  velit.  5.  Venenum  ut  sitiens  obduxit.  6.  Propter  in- 
tuens.  7.  Non  sentientis  nihil  est  ullam  in  partem  quod  in¬ 
tersit.  8.  Plurimum  interest  inter  doctum  et  rudem.  9.  Non 
est  sensus  in  mortuo.  10.  Iacet  corpus  dormientis,  ut  mortui. 


24 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


1.  A  good  man  is  not  jealous.  2.  It  is  foolish.  3.  It  is  mad¬ 
ness.  4.  It  is  a  patriotic  duty  to  die  for  one’s  country.  5.  It 
requires  energy  (in  a  consul)  to  check  the  arrogance  of  a  tribune 
of  the  people.  6.  A  straying  wayfarer  should  be  shown  the  way. 

Vocabulary 

I  am  jealous:  invideo.  to  check:  reprimere. 

arrogance:  animi  atque  spiritus. 

References.  Arnold-Bradley,  VIII,  50  sqq.;  Schultz,  Lat.  Sprachl., 
§306. 


LESSON  XVII 


ADJECTIVES  IN  THE  SINGULAR  USED  AS  NOUNS  ( Continued ) 


The  neuter  gender  of  adjectives  in  the  singular  is  frequently 
used  with  the  force  of  a  noun : 


1.  In  the  genitive  of  adjectives  of  the  second  declension: 
rarely  in  the  dative  or  ablative: 


aliquid  novi:  J 
quidquid  boni: 
nihil  sacri: 
parvo  contentus: 

Ecquid  forte  Roma  novi? 


a  piece  of  news; 
whatever  good  things; 
nothing  sacred; 
satisfied  with  little; 

Is  there  any  news  from  Rome? 


2. 


3. 


After  prepositions: 

ex  improviso: 
sine  dubio: 
in  posterum: 
in  occulto: 

Ad  extremum  dicam: 

In  publicum  prodire: 

Statuam  in  excelso  collocare: 


suddenly ,  unexpectedly; 
without  doubt; 
in  future; 
in  a  secret  place; 

In  conclusion  I  will  say; 

To  appear  before  the  public; 

To  mount  the  statue  on  a  pedestal. 


Especially  in  the  nominative  and  accusative  cases: 


illud  Catonis: 
bonum: 
utile: 
pulchrum: 

Vetus  est: 

Verum  dicere: 

Falsum  sentire: 

Unum  illud  erat  insitum  priscis  illis 


that  saying  of  Cato; 
what  is  good,  the  good; 
the  useful,  expediency; 
the  beautiful,  beauty; 

It  is  an  old  saying; 

To  say  the  truth; 

To  be  in  error; 

This  one  conviction  rvas  firmly 
rooted  in  the  minds  of  those 
ancients . 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


25 


EXERCISES 

1.  Carere  publico.  2.  Ad  extremum  descendere.  3.  De 
medio  tollere.  4.  Gratum  (gratissimum)  alicui  facere.  5.  In 
publico  proposuit  epistulam.  6.  In  lubrico  versabitur.  7.  Quis 
coegit  eos  falsum  cogitare?  8.  Adest  extremum.  9.  In  medio 
relinquere.  10.  In  perpetuum. 

1.  There  is  nothing  new  under  the  sun.  2.  To  give  assent  to 
a  false  proposition.  3.  To  keep  one’s  word.  4.  To  covet  other 
people’s  property.  5.  Too  little  wisdom.  6.  A  heap  of  money. 
7.  More  strength. 

Vocabulary 

to  give  assent:  assentiri.  other  people’s:  alienus. 

too  little:  parum.  heap:  aliquantus. 


Note 

Adjectives  with  the  force  of  nouns  do  not  necessarily  enjoy  all  the  priv¬ 
ileges  of  original  nouns.  Thus,  while  “  an  eloquent  speaker  ”  is  eloquens, 
still  “  an  accomplished  speaker  ”  is  not  perfectus,  but  perfecte  eloquens. 
Similarly,  ^ 

facete  dicttqjn:  a  witty  saying. 
praeclare  factum:  a  splendid  deed. 

bene,  recte,  male,  nequiter,  audacius  factum,  yet :  illud  meum  factum 
laudabile.  (See  Antibarbarus,  s.  v.  factum .) 
summum  bonum:  the  supreme  good. 

Here  as  in  many  other  parts  of  Latin  grammar : 

Usus  est  tyrannus:  Usage  knows  no  law. 


LESSON  XVIII 

ADJECTIVES  IN  THE  PLURAL  USED  AS  NOUNS 


Docti:  The  learned.  Pauperes:  The  poor. 

Doctorum  est  ista  consuetudo:  That  is  the  custom,  of  philosophers. 

Volo  (cupio)  tibi  omnia:  I  wish  you  good  success.  “  Withbest 

Mediocres:  The  average  run  of  men.  wishes  .  .  .” 

Plural  adjectives  of  all  genders  may  be  used  as  nouns  in  the 
nominative  and  accusative  cases. 

Plural  adjectives  of  the  masculine  gender  may  be  used  as 
nouns  in  all  cases  without  exception. 


26 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


EXERCISES 

1.  Diximus  multa.  2.  Similia.  3.  Nobiles.  4.  Prava  de 
Deo  sentiunt.  5.  Male  parta  male  dilabuntur.  6.  Summis  in¬ 
fimis  par  habetur  honos.  7.  Scrutari  vetera.  8.  Divites.  9. 
Pugnantia  te  loqui  non  vides?  10.  Nova.  11.  Rerum  nova¬ 
rum  cupidum  esse.  12.  Rebus  novis  studere.  13.  Omnes 
Galli  rebus  novis  student.  14.  Omnia.  15.  Si  liber  Antiochi 
vera  loquitur.  16.  Boni.  Improbi. 

Note 

Omnia  is  declined  thus: 

Omnia,  omnium  rerum,  omnibus  rebus,  omnia  (omnes  res). 


C.  COMPARISON 


LESSON  XIX 

THE  POSITIVE  IN  A  RESTRICTED  SENSE 

Longum  est -narrare: 

It  would  take  too  long  to  tell. 

Sero  agere: 

To  act  too  late. 

Lente  agit: 

He  proceeds  too  slowly. 

Infirmi  sunt  ad  resistendum: 

They  are  too  weak  to  offer  resistance. 

Latin  sometimes  employs  the  positive  degree  in  a  somewhat 
restricted  sense  which  is  understood  from  the  context.  English 
in  such  cases  adds  too  to  the  positive. 

Helvetii  pro  multitudine  hominum  angustos  se  fines  habere  arbitrantur: 

Considering  their  number  of  inhabitants ,  the  Swiss  feel  that  their  territory  is 
too  small  for  them. 


LESSON  XX 

THE  STANDARD  OF  COMPARISON  OMITTED 

Plura  loquitur: 

He  talks  too  much. 

Liberius  loquitur: 

He  speaks  rather  freely. 

Germania  Superior: 

U pper  Germany,  the  South  of  Germany. 

Luce  clarior: 

-4s  clear  as  daylight. 

Diligentius : 

With  more  than  usual  care. 


27 


28 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


The  comparative  degree  is  used  when  a  comparison  of  two 
things  is  either  expressly  made  or  merely  implied.  When  the 
standard  of  comparison  is  omitted,  it  is  supplied  by  the  context, 
by  the  usual  or  proper  standard,  or  by  the  opposite. 

EXERCISES 

1.  Gallia  ulterior.  2.  Gallia  citerior.  3.  Certiorem  facere 
aliquem.  4.  Dicam  iam  apertius,  in  quo  necessarius  meus 
fuerit  inferior.  5.  Rideri  possit  eo,  quod  rusticius  tonso  toga 
defluit.  6.  Statua  taciturnior.  7.  Virtus,  inquit  Ulyxes,  nisi 
cum  re,  vilior  alga  est.  8.  Pedites,  si  quid  erat  durius,  concur¬ 
rebant.  9.  Ea  ipsa,  quae  dixi,  sentio  fuisse  longiora.  10.  Hoc 
est  obscurius  dictum.  11.  Superior  uxor. 

1.  As  hard  as  stone.  2.  Richard,  king  of  England,  was  a 
lion-heart.  3.  A  pretty  severe  illness.  4.  Old  age  is  naturally 
rather  talkative.  5.  The  night  is  pitch-black.  6.  Sweet  as 
honey,  the  words  flow  from  his  lips.  7.  Swift  as  an  arrow. 
8.  Raven  curls.  9.  Unduly  long. 


Vocabulary 

severe:  gravis,  magnus.  talkative :  loquax. 

pitch:  pix,  picis.  raven:  corvus. 


Note 

Two  comparatives  are  used  when  two  qualities  of  the  same  person  or 
thing  are  compared : 

He  has  more  luck  than  common  sense: 

Felicior  ille  quam  sapientior  est. 

He  spoke  with  more  zeal  than  truth: 

Libentius  quam  verius  dixit. 

If  a  space  is  longer  than  it  is  wide: 

Si  locus  longior  quam  latior  est  (Rectangle). 

Magis  in  such  a  case  is  followed  by  two  positives: 

Hoc  magis  subtiliter  quam  dilucide  dicitur: 

This  theory  is  too  subtle  to  be  quite  clear. 

References.  Gildersleeve-Lodge,  Lat.  Gr.,  297,  299. 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


29 


LESSON  XXI 

THE  COMPARATIVE  USED  IN  SUPERLATIVE  EXPRESSIONS 


Nihil  tum  illustrius  mathematicis: 

Mathematicians  were  then  the  most  distinguished  men. 

Catone  nihil  illis  temporibus  erat  doctius: 

(nemo)  (doctior) 

Cato  was  the  most  learned  man  of  his  time. 

Senatu  nostro  nihil  fortius: 

Our  Senate  is  the  embodiment  of  courage. 

Nihil  ei  antiquius  amicitia  nostra  fuit: 

It  ioas  the  dearest  wish  of  his  heart  to  keep  my  friendship. 

A  very  high  degree  of  condition  or  quality  may  be  expressed 
by  nemo  or  nihil  with  an  adjective  in  the  comparative  degree 
and  a  noun  in  the  ablative  of  comparison.  Such  periphrasis 
has  a  touch  of  exclusiveness  which  makes  it  specially  fit  for 
superlative  expressions. 


EXERCISES 

1.  Mente  nihil  homini  dedit  Deus  ipse  divinius.  2.  Nihil  est 
incertius  vulgo,  nihil  obscurius  voluntate  hominum,  nihil  fal¬ 
lacius  ratione  tota  comitiorum.  3.  Insitionibus  nihil  agri  cul¬ 
tura  invenit  sollertius.  4.  Peripateticis  nihil  est  uberius,  nihil 
eruditius,  nihil  gravius.  5.  Nihil  est  otiosa  senectute  iucundius. 
6.  Senatus^ peios  nayoz :  nihil  constantius,  nihil  severius,  nihil 
fortius.  7.  Homini  homine  pulchrius  nihil  videtur.  8.  Quo 
quid  absurdius? 

1.  The  proudest  set  of  people  are  philosophers.  2.  He  is  com¬ 
mon  sense  personified.  3.  An  arch-conspirator.  4.  As  shrewd 
as  any.  5.  What  is  so  divine  as  virtue?  6.  She  was  all  sun¬ 
shine  and  innocence.  7.  The  dry-as-dust  annals  of  the  ponti¬ 
fices. 

Vocabulary 


common  sense:  (moderatus). 
shrewd:  acutus. 
innocence:  (castus). 


conspirator:  (insidiosus) . 
sunshine:  (hilaris). 
dry:  ieiunus. 


30 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


Notes 

1.  In  brief  sentences,  the  copula  (especially  est  or  sunt)  is  often  omitted. 

2.  When  a  superlative  is  followed  by  a  relative  clause,  the  Latin  requires 
either  omnium  (eorum,  earum)  to  be  added  to  the  superlative  or  the  com¬ 
parative  to  be  used  as  above. 

I  am  about  to  write  an  account  of  the  most  momentous  war  ever  waged  by 
Rome: 

Scripturus  sum  bellum  omnium  (or  eorum)  gravissimum,  quae  Romani 
unquam  gesserunt;  or  quo  Romani  gravius  gesserunt  nullum. 


LESSON  XXII 

THE  SUPERLATIVE  OFTEN  ELATIVE 

Homo  acutissimus:  A  very  shrewd  man; 

So  shrewd  a  man. 

Socrates,  homo  sapientissimus:  The  wise  Socrates. 

Doctissimi  homines:  Eminent  thinkers. 

In  Latin,  the  superlative  degree  is  often  a  mere  elative. 
This  usage  is  in  keeping  with  the  Roman  character  which  was 
somewhat  inclined  to  rhetorical  exaggeration. 

EXERCISES 

1.  Iucundissimus  ille  quidem  senex  est.  2.  Aristoteles,  phi¬ 
losophus  maximae  auctoritatis.  3.  Amicissimus  meus — mihi 
amicissimus.  4.  Homo  summae  virtutis.  5.  Notissimus. 
6.  Nigerrimus.  7.  Occisissimus. 

1.  A  great  scholar.  2.  A  deadly  foe.  3.  .People  rolling  in 
wealth.  4.  In  broad  daylight.  5.  Child's  play.  6.  As  old  as 
the  hills.  7.  A  darling  son.  8.  Many  eminent  men. 

Vocabulary 

daylight:  lux.  play:  render  by  facilis. 


Note 

The  elative  is  perhaps  of  most  frequent  occurrence  in  adjectives  denoting 
praise  or  blame.  These  are  not  joined  directly  to  proper  names,  but  by 
means  of  ille  or  some  appropriate  noun  placed  in  apposition. 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


31 


The  wise  Socrates:  Socrates,  homo  sapientissimus, 

Socrates  ille  sapientissimus. 

Far-famed  Corinth :  Corinthus,  urbs  clarissima, 

Corinthus  illa  clarissima. 

No  such  intervention  of  ille  or  a  noun  is  required: 

(a)  with  standing  epithets,  surnames  or  titles: 

Laelius  Sapiens,  Sulla  Felix,  Alexander  Magnus,  Pius  Aeneas. 

(b)  in  conversation  and  in  composition  of  a  colloquial  style: 

Mellitus  Cicero,  Helico  suavissimus,  Cato  ingratissimus. 

(c)  in  connection  with  the  ablative  of  quality: 

Cassius  integritate,  virtute,  pietate  singulari. 


LESSON  XXIII 

THE  MEANING  OF  LATIN  DIMINUTIVES 

Ut  homunculus  unus  e  multis: 

Like  an  ordinary  frail  human  being. 

Mercedula  adductus: 

For  beggarly  wages 

Ille  acriculus: 

That  hot  little  man ,  that  little  hot-head. 

Latin  diminutives  may  be  nouns,  adjectives,  or  adverbs. 
Instead  of  their  obvious  primary  meaning,  they  often  suggest 
the  idea  of  snugness,  comfort  and  security.  Many  of  them 
express  affection  and  endearment.  Others  imply  irony,  con¬ 
tempt  or  scorn.  The  exact  force  of  diminutives  is  not  always 
translatable. 

FURTHER  ILLUSTRATIONS 

Urbani  malevolorum  sermunculi: 

The  malicious  gossip  of  the  townsfolk. 

Erit  nescio  quid  negotioli: 

There  will  be  some  little  business  there. 

Assentatiuncula  quadam  aucupari  gratiam: 

To  curry  favor  by  some  mean  piece  of  flattery. 

Hac  tamen  oblectabar  specula:  • 

And  yet  I  found  comfort  in  this  gleam  of  hope. 

Deus  ille  Zeno — homuncio  Antiochus: 

The  one ,  Zeno ,  a  veritable  “  superman  ” — the  other,  Antiochus,  a  poor 
specimen  of  humanity. 


32 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


De  Tusca  Graecula  facta  est: 

A  Tuscan  by  birth,  she  is  now  a  fine  Greek  lady  (irony). 
Istae  litterulae: 

Those  charming  little  missives  of  yours. 

Vidi  ego  tuam  lacrimulam: 

I  saw  your  crocodile  tear. 


EXERCISES 

1.  Parvulo  labore.  2.  Recreandae  voculae  causa.  3.  Num¬ 
mulis  acceptis.  4.  Matutina  tempora  in  lectiunculis  con¬ 
sumere.  5.  Nulli  sunt  inventi  tam  miseri,  qui  non  lectulum 
suum  salvum  esse  velint.  6.  Indignatiuncula.  7.  In  theatro 
sunt  mulierculae  et  pueri.  8.  Belli  homunculi  eo  collecti  sunt. 
9.  Litterulis  Graecis  imbutus  est.  10.  Litterulae  meae  ob- 
languerunt.  11.  Verbi  controversia  iam  diu  torquet  Graeculos 
homines.  12.  Ocelle  mi.  13.  Nos  homunculi.  14.  Filiola 
Curionis.  15.  Pelliculam  curare.  16.  Mendaciolum.  17.  Me¬ 
liuscule  mihi  hodie  est.  18.  Adulescentulus.  19.  Navicula. 

References.  For  a  discussion  of  the  diminutives  found  in  the  writings 
of  the  poet  Catullus,  see  S.  B.  Platner  in  Amer.  Jour,  of  Phil.,  Vol.  16, 
p.  186.  For  diminutives  in  general,  see  Naegelsbach’s  Stil.  §  46. 


D.  PRONOUNS 


LESSON  XXIV 

PRONOUNS  EXPRESSED  OR  UNDERSTOOD 


Quintus  frater:  My  brother  Quintus. 

Bona  filio  tradidit:  He  left  his  fortune  to  his  son. 

Non  ego,  sed  ille  erravit:  Not  I,  but  he,  erred. 

Ego  enim  sic  existimo:  In  my  opinion. 

Haec  mea  cura  est,  ne  quid  tu  perdas:  Let  me  take  care  that  you  don’t 
come  to  grief. 

Ego  ilium  de  suo  regno,  ille  me  de  nostra  re  publica  percontatus  est: 

I  questioned  him  concerning  his  kingdom ,  and  he  inquired  about  our 
Republic. 

Si  te  parentes  timerent  tui:  If  your  own  parents  were  afraid  of  you. 

Personal  and  possessive  pronouns  are  omitted  in  Latin  when 
sufficiently  implied  in  the  form  of  the  verb  or  when  they  are 
understood  from  the  context.  On  the  other  hand,  they  are  ex¬ 
pressed  when  contrast  or  any  kind  of  emphasis  is  aimed  at. 

Note 

The  fondness  of  Latin  writers  for  Juxtaposition  (see  Lesson  20)  some¬ 
times  led  them  to  use  pronouns  even  when  there  was  no  apparent  call  for 
special  emphasis. 

References.  Arnold-Bradley,  I,  11,  XLV,  334.  R.  W.  Tunstall: 
“  The  Roman  was  frugal  in  the  use  of  words.” 


LESSON  XXV 

POSSESSIVE  PRONOUNS 

Pro  sua  constantia:  With  characteristic  firmness.  See  Lesson  13. 

Nunc  abibo,  sed  meo  tempore  revertar:  I  am  now  going ,  but  will  return  in 
due  time. 

Non  modo  in  aere  alieno  nullo,  sed  in  suis  nummis  multis  est:  He  is  free 

from  debts,  and  besides  has  plenty  of  cash  on  hand. 

33 


34 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


Such  English  adjectives  as  imply,  or  are  based  upon,  the 
idea  of  title,  ownership,  property,  fitness,  or  peculiarity,  are 
rendered  by  the  possessive  pronouns,  which  in  this  case  are 
emphatic  and  therefore  precede  the  noun.  English  equivalents 
are :  own,  proper,  fit,  peculiar,  personal,  full,  strict,  good,  right, 
characteristic,  due,  favorable,  and  others. 

EXERCISES 

1.  Meo,  tuo,  suo,  nostro,  vestro  tempore.  2.  Habuisset  suos 
consules.  3.  Caesar  hostes  in  suum  locum  elicuit.  4.  Suum 
numerum  naves  habent.  5.  Sua  morte  defungi.  6.  Cicero  suo 
anno  consul  factus  est.  7.  Suae  luxuriae  dediti  erant. 

1.  I  have  a  perfect  right  to  do  this.  2.  With  an  eye  to  per¬ 
sonal  profit.  3.  At  my  own  discretion. 

Vocabulary 

with  an  eye  to:  causa,  w.  the  genitive. 


LESSON  XXVI 

JUXTAPOSITION  OF  PRONOUNS 

Huic  ego  me  bello  ducem  profiteor: 

I  want  to  be  the  standard  bearer  in  this  war. 

Quem  tibi  aut  hominem  aut  deum  auxilio  futurum  putas? 

What  god  or  man,  think  you,  will  come  to  your  assistance ? 

Cur  ego  tuas  partes  suscipio? 

Why  am  I  doing  what  is  properly  your  business? 

Tu  isti  aderis? 

Will  you  defend  this  man? 

The  juxtaposition  or  parataxis  of  pronouns,  especially  at  or 
near  the  beginning  of  a  sentence,  is  rather  sought  after  in  Latin. 

EXERCISES 

1.  Eo  ille,  cum  esset — ut  ego  mihi  statuo — talis,  qualem  te 
esse  video,  nunquam  esset  profectus.  2.  Revocare  tu  me  in 
patriam,  Milo,  potuisti:  ego  te  in  patria  retinere  non  potero? 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


35 


3.  Quem  ego  meum  casum  fortiter  ferre  visus  sum.  4.  His 
mihi  rebus  levis  est  senectus.  5.  Hi  tibi  tres  libri  tamquam 
hospites  sunt  recipiendi.  6.  His  ego  me  ipse  rego  solorque  ele¬ 
mentis.  7.  Tu  te  ipse  in  custodiam  dedisti. 


1.  Why  is  that  enemy  despised  by  you?  2.  I  have  repeatedly 
exposed  life  and  limb  to  the  weapons  of  your  enemies.  3.  I, 
the  consul,  recommend  to  you  this  consul-elect.  4.  And  I 
shall  not  love  this  man?  5.  Who  do  y°u  think  will  grant  you 

this? 


Vocabulary 

to  expose:  obicere.  consul-elect :  consul. 

to  grant:  dare. 


LESSON  XXVII 

RECIPROCITY 


Aspiciunt  inter  se: 

They  look  at  one  another. 

Alius  alii  est  saluti: 

They  help  one  another. 

Simile  simili  gaudet: 

Like  loves  like. 

Alius  ex  alio  causam  quaerit: 

Every  man  asked  his  neighbor  ( the  reason  of  the  uproar). 

Non  facile  Galli  Gallis  negare  possunt: 

It  is  a  hard  thing  for  Gauls  to  say  no  to  their  fellow-countrymen. 

Strict  reciprocity  is  expressed  by  inter  nos,  inter  vos,  inter  se; 
other  relations  not  strictly  reciprocal  are  expressed  either  by 

alter  alterum,  alius  alium,,  alii  alios,  or  by  parataxis  of  the  same 

word. 

EXERCISES 

1.  Obsides  dant  inter  se.  2.  Inter  se  obtrectant.  3.  In  eo, 
quod  sciunt  omnes,  nullo  modo  possunt  inter  se  discrepare. 

4.  Uterque  utrique  (better  alteri)  erat  exercitus  in  conspectu. 

5.  Alius  alio  quomodo  magis  mortuus  esse  potest?  6.  Frater 
fratrem  ne  deserat.  7.  Apes  apium  sunt  similes.  8.  Alii  alios 
deinceps  exceperunt. 


36 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


1.  We  love  one  another.  2.  Shake  hands  (with  each  other). 
3.  We  hold  conversation.  4.  Their  hatred  is  mutual.  5.  There 
is  no  love  lost  between  them.  6.  Men  love  their  fellow-men. 
7.  They  help  each  other.  8.  We  must  observe  neutrality. 
9.  Fellow-citizens  should  bear  with  one  another.  10.  Friends 
exchange  confidences.  11.  All  philosophers  are  friends. 

Vocabulary 

to  shake  (hands):  dare  (manum).  to  observe  neutrality:  non  iuyare. 

to  bear  with:  parcere.  to  exchange  confidences  =  open 

their  minds . 


Notes 

1.  When  a  multiplicity  of  subjects  is  considered  as  a  unit,  the  reflexive 
pronoun,  strengthened  by  ipse,  is  sufficient  to  denote  reciprocity. 

Conferti  milites  sibi  ipsi  erant  impedimento: 

The  men  standing  close  together  were  in  each  other's  way. 

2.  The  two  different  forms  of  alius  which  denote  reciprocity  in  the 
wider  sense  lend  themselves  to  a  variety  of  translations: 

Aliis  aliud  placet:  The  votes  are  ( the  house  is)  divided. 

Alius  aliunde  venit:  They  came  flocking  from  all  sides. 

Alias  aliud  loquitur:  He  is  not  consistent. 

Aliis  alii  rebus  studiisque  tenentur:  All  men  do  not  ride  the  same  hobbies . 

Bestiis  aliud  alii  praecipui  a  natura  datum  est:  Nature  has  made  some 
beasts  superior  in  one  respect  and  others  in  another. 

References.  Naegelsbach,  Stilistik,  p.  380. 


LESSON  XXVIII 

DEMONSTRATIVE  PRONOUNS 

In  eo  numero  erant  complures  milites: 

Among  them  were  several  soldiers. 

Hic  tam  immensus  campus: 

This  immense  field . 

Haec  tantula  epistula: 

These  few  lines. 

Apud  Helvetios  longe  nobilissimus  fuit  Orgetorix.  Is  coniurationem  fecit: 

Preeminent  in  rank  among  the  Helvetii  was  Orgetorix.  This  nobleman 
organized  a  conspiracy. 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


37 


Demonstrative  pronouns  are  not  infrequently  put  in  the  same 
gender,  number  and  case  with  a  noun,  when  they  might  be  ex¬ 
pected  to  be  in  the  partitive  genitive.  The  same  is  true  of  rela¬ 
tive  and  interrogative  pronouns. 

When  demonstrative  pronouns  are  followed  by  an  adjective 
and  the  latter  calls  for  emphasis,  tam  is  placed  between  the  pro¬ 
noun  and  the  adjective.  In  English  the  force  of  tam  is  indi¬ 
cated  by  a  stress  of  the  voice  on  the  adjective. 

English  writers  have  a  way  of  referring  the  reader  back  to  a 
person  mentioned  previously,  by  such  expletives  as :  this  man , 
that  noble  lady,  this  eminent  statesman,  that  great  jpoet,  and 
others  according  to  the  nature  of  the  context.  Latin  either 
omits  such  reference  or  employs  a  simple  demonstrative  pro¬ 
noun.  (For  the  reason  of  this,  see  Lesson  13.) 

EXERCISES 

1.  Hie  (Is)  me  timor  prohibuit.  2.  Illa  ipsa  mentio  ad  iram 
eum  inflammabat.  3.  Quo  in  genere  est  in  primis  senectus. 
4.  Abiit  ad  deos  Hercules.  Nunquam  abisset,  nisi  eam  sibi 
viam  munivisset.  5.  Quodnam  ego  concepi  tantum  scelus? 
6.  Quae  tanta  insania,  cives?  7.  In  eum  sermonem  incidit,  qui 
tum  fere  multis  erat  in  ore.  8.  Archias  est  ex  eo  numero,  qui 
semper  sancti  sunt  habiti. 

1.  At  length  Caesar  won  the  day.  In  the  glow  of  victory 
(elated  with  joy  over  this  event)  he  despatched  a  messenger  to 
Rome.  2.  Those  numerous  precedents.  3.  This  atrocious 
crime.  4.  That  wonderful  voice.  5.  Heraclea  was  the  wife  of 
Zoippus.  That  wretched  woman  took  refuge  in  a  shrine. 
6.  The  news  of  this  event  having  reached  the  Treveri.  7.  Mil¬ 
tiades  was  one  of  them. 


Vocabulary 

elated:  elatus.  precedent:  exemplum. 

to  take  refuge:  confugere.  to  reach:  perferri. 

Notes 

1.  In  speaking  of  the  past  Latin  chooses  its  pronouns  from  a  point 
of  view  different  from  ours,  the  reason  being  that  his,  as  in  the  sentence 
which  follows,  does  not  really  express  ownership.  See  Lesson  25. 


38 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


Socrates,  the  wisest  man  of  his  time: 

Socrates,  homo  sapientissimus  eius  aetatis; 

Socrates,  quo  nemo  tum  erat  sapientior. 

2.  Cicero  often  uses  hoc  or  illud  to  direct  attention  to  an  important 
statement  to  be  made  presently.  In  English  the  pronoun  is  often  best 
omitted. 

Sed  hoc  scito  tuos  novos  amicos  iacere: 

But  let  me  add  that  your  new  friends  are  in  despair. 

Potest  enim  hoc  dici  .  . 

For  it  may  be  urged. 

Atque  hoc  loco  illud  non  queo  praeterire: 

And  here  I  cannot  help  mentioning. 

Illud  non  dubito,  quin  res  publica  nos  inter  nos  conciliatura  sit: 

I  have  no  doubt  that  our  common  interest  in  the  welfare  of  the  country  will 
bring  us  nearer  together. 

Hoc  constat  .  .  .  :  So  much  is  certain. 

3.  The  pronoun  is  is  omitted: 

a.  When  it  would  be  in  the  same  case  with  the  noun  to  which  it  relates. 

b.  When  in  contrasting  two  things  a  genitive  depends  on  it. 

c.  After  the  participle  when  this  takes  the  place  of  a  relative  clause. 

d.  In  statements  of  a  general  or  sententious  character,  or  whenever 
there  is  no  particular  stress  on  it. 

Virtue  starts  friendships  and  keeps  them  alive: 

Virtus  et  conciliat  amicitias  et  conservat; 

Virtus  amicitias  et  conciliat  et  conservat; 

Virtus  amicitias  conciliat,  conciliatas  conservat. 

I  like  Terence’s  comedies  better  than  those  of  Plautus: 

Fabulis  Terentii  magis  delector  quam  Plauti; 

Fabulis  Terentii  magis  delector  quam  fabulis  Plauti; 

Fabulis  Terentii  magis  delector  quam  Plautinis; 

Fabulis  Terentii  magis  delector  quam  Plauto. 

At  their  departure  he  charged  them  to  write  soon: 

Abeuntibus  mandat,  ut  brevi  sibi  scribant. 

He  tells  you  freely  how  he  feels: 

Libere  (id),  quod  sentit,  dicit. 


LESSON  XXIX 

THE  PRONOUN  IS  WITH  THE  FORCE  OF  TALIS 

Non  is  sum,  qui  mortis  periculo  terrear: 

I  am  not  the  man  to  flinch  when  the  bullets  fly. 

Death  has  no  terrors  for  me. 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


39 


Tu  is  es,  qui  multam  utilitatem  rei  publicae  afferre  possis: 

You  are  in  a  position  to  render  many  services  to  your  country. 

Quae  pietas  ei  debetur,  a  quo  nihil  acceperis?: 

What  gratitude  is  due  to  one  from  whom  you  have  received  nothing ? 

Generally,  when  the  pronoun  is  is  used,  it  is  emphatic  and 
often  assumes  the  force  of  talis.  It  is  often  best  translated 
by  the  indefinite  article. 


EXERCISES 

1.  Non  is  est  Catilina,  quem  ratio  a  furore  revocarit.  2. 
Brutus  is  erat,  qui  consilio  libenter  uteretur.  3.  Ea  eloquentia 
est,  quae  me  magnopere  delectet.  4.  Non  potest  exercitum 
continere  is  imperator,  qui  se  ipse  non  continet  (contineat).  5. 
Ea  fieri  apud  inferos  fingunt,  quae  sine  corporibus  nec  fieri 
possunt  (possint)  nec  intellegi.  6.  Res  eas  gessi,  quarum 
aliquam  in  tuis  litteris  gratulationem  exspectavi.  7.  Proposita 
morte,  invidia,  poena,  qui  nihilo  segnius  rem  publicam  defendit, 
is  vir  vere  putandus  est. 

1.  We  are  all  liable  to  err.  2.  I  am  not  subject  to  jealousy. 
3.  “It  is  not  in  me  to  resist  the  call  of  duty.”  4.  He  is  just  the 
man  (the  very  man)  to  do  it.  5.  Subordination  is  not  to  his 
liking.  6.  Inflexible  as  he  is,  he  is  not  open  to  conviction.  7. 
You  are  old  enough  to  understand  this  matter. 

Vocabulary 


jealousy:  invidere.  call  of  duty:  officium. 

subordination:  obedire.  inflexible:  praefractus. 


i/  LESSON  XXX 

THE  INTENSIVE  PRONOUN  IPSE 

Nosce  te  ipsum:  Know  thyself. 

Sub  ipso  vallo:  Close  to  the  wall. 

Triginta  erant  ipsi  dies:  It  was  exactly  thirty  days. 
Sapientia  ipsa:  Wisdom  as  such. 


40 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


The  intensive  pronoun  ipse  is  used  to  express  antithesis  and 
exclusion:  “I  myself  to  the  exclusion  of  all  others.”  It 
usually  stands  in  the  case  required  by  the  contrast : 

Non  amicum,  sed  se  ipsum  amat: 

He  does  not  love  his  friend,  hut  himself. 

But  there  is  a  distinct  tendency  to  put  ipse  in  the  nominative 
(especially  before  the  reflexive  pronoun  and  after  per  se)y  when 
from  our  point  of  view  another  case  might  be  expected.  Thus, 

He  loves  himself:  Se  ipse  (se  ipsum)  diligit, 

Ipse  se  diligit. 

Virtue  is  desirable  for  its  own  sake: 

Virtus  per  se  ipsa  expetenda  est. 

Know  thyself: — He  knew  himself: 

Nosce  te  ipsum. — Se  ipse  novit. 


EXERCISES 


1.  Artem  musicam  per  se  ipsum  didicit.  2.  Ipso  aspectu 
commotus  sum.  3.  Valvae  se  ipsae  aperuerunt.  4.  Non  egeo 
medicina,  me  ipse  consolor.  5.  Pone  librum  et  tecum  ipse  ali¬ 
quantulum  cogita.  6.  Athenis  decem  ipsos  dies  fui.  7.  Nunc 
ipsum.  8.  An  haec  ipsa  vis  est?  9.  Themistocles  necem  sibi  ipse 
conscivit.  10.  Omnia  Stoici  a  se  ipsi  petunt.  11.  De  me  ipse  ali¬ 
quid  more  senum  glorior.  12.  Veritas  facile  se  per  se  ipsa 
defendit.  13.  Ex  ipsa  caede  effugit.  14.  Quamvis  amem  ipse 
me. 

1.  I  know  thenVpersonally.  2.  I  am  coming  from  the  very 
scene  of  the  massacre.  3.  You  are  selfish.  4.  He  sent  him  an 
autograph  letter.  5.  Snatched  from  the  jaws  of  death.  6.  Some 
doors  close  automatically.  7.  When  we  camp  out,  we  cook  our 
own  meals.  8.  Benjamin  Franklin  has  left  an  autobiography. 
9.  Even  so  my  list  of  the  delights  of  country  life  is  somewhat 
long.  10.  Quack  doctors  profess  to  master  the  science  of  medi¬ 
cine  when  other  people  are  ailing,  but  themselves  they  cannot 
cure. 

Vocabulary 


massacre:  caedes. 
doors:  valvae. 
my  list:  quae  dixi. 
country  life:  res  rusticae. 
to  master:  tenere. 


snatched:  ereptus. 
to  camp  out:  rusticari. 
delight:  oblectamentum. 
quack:  malus. 

when  etc.:  in  alienis  morbis. 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


41 


Notes 

1.  Ipse  and  ipse  quoque  are  often  used  in  the  sense  of  item. 

Crassus  eloquens  fuit,  Antonius  ipse  (ipse  quoque)  eloquentiae  laude 
floruit:  Crassus  was  eloquent;  Antonius  too  was  a  distinguished  speaker. 

2.  When  several  actions  of  the  same  person  are  contrasted,  the  principal 
action  is  introduced  by  ipse,  which  need  not  always  be  rendered  by  himself. 

Munitoni  Caesar  Labienum  praefecit;  ipse  in  Italiam  contendit:  Caesar 
put  Labienus  in  charge  of  the  entrenchments ;  he  himself  (he  then)  hastened 
to  Italy. 

References.  Arnold-Bradley,  XLVI,  355,  356.  Antibarbarus,  s.  v. 
ipse.  Naegelsbach,  Stilistik,  p.  395. 


LESSON  XXXI 

QUISQUAM  AND  ULLUS 

Nego  me  quicquam  fecisse: 

I  deny  that  I  did  anything. 

Si  ullo  modo  potero: 

If  I  shall  at  all  be  able. 

In  negative  sentences,  or  such  as  convey  a  negative  idea, 
quisquam  has  the  force  of  a  noun,  ullus  that  of  an  adjective. 
They  are  used  after  negare,  vetare,  nescire,  ignorare,  cavere;  vix, 
quasi,  quasi  vero,  sine;  after  quam  following  a  comparative;  in 
rhetorical  questions  and  exclamations ;  in  hypothetical  clauses ; 
after  miror;  turpe,  indignum,  nefas  est;  doleo,  etc. 

EXERCISES 

1.  Saepius  cum  hoste  conflixit  Pompeius  quam  quisquam 
cum  inimicis  decertavit.  2.  Hic  quisquam  mirabitur?  Et 
quisquam  dubitabit?  3.  Permirum  est,  quemquam  exstare,  qui 
credat  Chaldaeis.  4.  Priusquam  quicquam  conaretur  Caesar, 
Diviciacum  ad  se  vocari  iussit. 

1.  Hardly  any  one  will  say  this.  2.  Do  not  injure  anybody’s 
character.  3.  Has  any  one  sent  you?  4.  If  ever  man  was 
wise,  certainly  Cato  was.  5.  I  am  more  wretched  than  ever 
man  was.  6.  If  ever  man  was  averse  to  empty  praise,  it  is 
certainly  I. 


42 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


Vocabulary 

to  injure:  violare,  laedere.  character:  fama,  existimatio. 

averse  to:  remotus  a.  empty:  inanis. 

References. — For  fuller  treatment,  and  especially  for  the  use  of 
quisquam  as  an  adjective  and  ullus  as  a  noun,  consult  the  grammars. 
Menge,  Repetitorium,  274-284;  Arnold-Bradley,  XLVII,  357-3G2. 


Notes 

1.  The  preposition  sine,  like  negative  expressions  generally,  is  followed 
by  ullus;  non  sine,  nemo  sine,  nihil  sine,  nullus  sine,  which  are  affirma¬ 
tive  in  character,  are  followed  by  aliquis. 

Id  sine  ullo  labore  confici  potest: 

That  can  he  done  without  the  least  trouble. 

Nullus  ignis  sine  pastu  aliquo  potest  permanere: 

No  jire  can  be  kept  up  without  some  fuel. 

Nihil  unquam  Verres  fecit  sine  aliquo  quaestu: 

Verres  never  engaged  in  any  business  without  netting  a  handsome  profit. 

Nemo  vir  magnus  sine  aliquo  adflatu  divino  unquam  fuit: 

No  man  ever  attained  to  greatness  without  some  divine  inspiration. 

2.  Aliquis  after  sine  or  non  means  notable,  considerable. 

Sine  ullo  vulnere: 

Without  any  loss  whatever. 

Italiam  cepit  sine  aliquo  vulnere: 

He  conquered  Italy  without  notable  loss,  with  no  loss  to  speak  of. 

3.  Nescio  quis,  in  the  sense  of  aliquis,  does  not  affect  the  mood  of  the 
following  verb.  When  used  of  a  person,  it  often  carries  a  contemptuous 
sense. 

Ille  nescio  qui: 

That  fellow,  what  d’ye  call  him? 

Ut  est  apud  poetam  nescio  quem: 

As  some  poet  has  it. 

Nescio  quis  ex  me  quaesivit: 

Somebody  asked  me  the  other  day. 

Inest  nescio  qui  angor  in  animo  meo: 

7  feel  some  ( strange ,  indefinable )  mental  pain. 

Nescio  quo  modo,  nescio  quo  pacto: 

Strangely,  strange  to  say;  in  some  unaccountable,  mysterious  manner; 
somehow  or  other;  oddly  enough;  also:  providentially . 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


43 


LESSON  XXXII 

QUIDAM.  QUIDDAM.  (ALIQUID) 


Vetus  scriptor  quidam  narravit: 

An  old  writer  tells  a  story  .  .  . 

Saltatio  quaedam  oriebatur: 

It  developed  into  a  real  dance. 

Elaboratum  quiddam  aberat. 

The  performance  lacked  the  touch  of  the  master: 


Quidam  indicates  that  the  writer  has  some  knowledge  of  the 
person  or  thing  of  which  he  treats,  but  cannot  or  will  not  specify 
it  more  definitely.  There  is  a  certain  vagueness  of  thought  in 
expressions  formed  by  means  of  quidam  which  it  is  sometimes 
impossible  to  reproduce  in  English. 


EXERCISES 

1.  Amentia  quaedam  erat.  2.  Non  astutia  quaedam,  sed 
aliqua  sapientia.  3.  Aliquid  officii.  4.  Spei  quiddam.  5.  Ut 
adulescentem,  in  quo  est  senile  aliquid  (quiddam),  sic  senem,  in 
quo  est  aliquid  (quiddam)  adulescentis,  probo.  6.  Admirabilis 
quaedam  celeritas.  7.  Propter  quasdam  suspiciones.  8.  Inest 
philosophia  in  huius  viri  mente  quaedam. 

1.  Death  is  much  like  a  migration.  2.  Once  upon  a  time 
there  was  a  king  who  had  three  sons.  3.  One  Arpineius  is  sent 
to  them.  4.  A  streak  of  folly.  5.  A  sense  of  poverty  seemed  to 
hang  over  field  and  wood.  6.  That  man  has  a  certain  pompous 
way  about  him.  7.  There  is  a  divine  element  in  the  thing. 
8.  “Great  intellects  have  often  a  touch  of  madness.” 


Vocabulary 

field  and  wood:  arva  lucique.  pompous  way:  magniloquentia. 

to  have  about  one:  prae  se  ferre.  intellects  =  men  endowed  with  intellects. 


44 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


LESSON  XXXIII 

THE  DISTRIBUTIVE  FORCE  OF  QUISQUE 

Unumquemque  laudavit: 

He  praised  each  one.  He  praised  them  one  by  one. 

Quotus  quisque  formosus  est: 

How  many  ( =  how  few )  are  really  handsome! 

How  rare  is  real  beauty! 

Suum  cuique  pulchrum  est: 

Every  one  takes  delight  in  his  own  work. 

Millesimus  quisque: 

One  in  a  thousand. 

Ditissimus  quisque: 

{Every  time  the  richest  man:)  The  richest  men. 

Unius  cuiusque  confessio: 

Their  several  confessions. 

The  indefinite  pronoun  quisque  has  distributive  or  individual¬ 
izing  force.  It  means  “each  one  severally It  is  mostly 
treated  as  an  enclitic,  and  therefore  never  heads  a  sentence. 
It  is  used  with  preference  after  unus,  reflexive,  interrogative, 
and  relative  pronouns,  ordinal  numbers,  and  superlatives. 

EXERCISES 

1.  Verres  contemplari  unum  quidque  otiose  et  considerare 
coepit.  2.  Nostrum  unusquisque,  qui  tam  beati,  quam  iste 
est,  non  sumus,  si  quando  aliquid  istius  modi  videre  volet,  eat 
ad  aedem  Felicitatis.  3.  Percipere,  quale  quidque  sit.  4.  Levi¬ 
ter  unumquidque  tangam.  5.  Non  agitur,  quam  locuples,  sed 
qualis  quisque  sit.  6.  Quae  quisque  vult,  ea  libenter  credit 
(see  55,  Note).  7.  Noverit  orator,  quot  modis  quidque  dicatur. 
8.  Primum  constituendum  est,  quid  quidque  sit,  de  quo  dis¬ 
putetur.  9.  Quotus  quisque  est,  qui  teneat  artem  numerorum 
ac  modorum.  10.  Quae  quisque  eorum  carissima  habebat, 
petere  atque  arripere  properabat.  11.  Milites  in  suam  quisque 
patriam  redierunt. 

1.  Each  man  loves  himself.  2.  “Charity  begins  at  home.” 
3.  Let  each  man  ply  the  trade  he  is  master  of.  4.  How  few 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


45 


there  are  that  know.  5.  Let  each  one  use  his  own  discretion. 
6.  Each  one  made  a  speech  for  himself.  7.  The  games  were 
held  every  four  years.  8.  Every  good  thing.  9.  Every  night  I 
rehearse  what  I  have  said  that  day. 

Vocabulary 

to  ply:  se  exercere  in  re.  trade:  ars. 

discretion:  iudicium.  I  rehearse:  commemoro. 


Note 

As  quisque  is  mostly  enclitic,  it  must  be  avoided  in  such  sentences  as  the 
following: 

Everybody  knows:  Nemo  nescit; 

Nemo  est,  qui  nesciat; 

Quis  est,  qui  nesciat? 

Omnes  sciunt; 

Inter  omnes  constat. 

References.  Arnold-Bradley,  XLVIII,  373-377;  Antibarbarus, 
s.  v.  quisque. 


LESSON  XXXIV 
QUISQUE  {Continued) 

1.  Quisque  in  the  sense  of  omnis  occurs  in  the  phrases  cuiusque  generis 
and  cuiusque  modi: 

Materia  cuiusque  generis: 

Timber  of  every  kind. 

2.  Quisque  is  sometimes  best  translated  by  the  indefinite  article. 

Quotiens  quaeque  cohors  praecurrerat  (B.  G.,  V,  34,  2) : 

As  often  as  a  cohort  had  sallied  forth. 

(In  V,  35,  1,  this  is  changed  to:  Cum  quaepiam  cohors  excesserat.  Here 
the  distributive  character  of  the  statement  is  apparent  from  the  use  of 
cum  with  the  pluperfect  indicative.) 

3.  Primus  quisque  has  two  uses: 

(a)  Each  one  in  its  order,  one  after  the  other. 

Primum  quidque  enarrabo: 

I  will  tell  the  whole  story  by  stating  “ each  detail  in  its  proper  place ”  just 
as  it  happened.  I  will  give  a  detailed  account. 


46 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


Primum  quemque  versum  recitat: 

His  recitation  is  perfect,  for  he  recites  the  lines  uin  their  due  order  of 
succession” ;  that  is,  always  the  line  which  for  the  moment  stands  at  the 
head  of  the  others. 

(b)  Primo 'quoque  tempore:  At  the  earliest  time  possible. 

4.  Quisque  often  suggests  the  idea  of  proportion  and  percentage: 

Quintus  quisque  interfectus  est: 

Twenty  per  cent  of  the  men  were  killed. 

Vix  decimus  quisque  erat  reliquus: 

Out  of  every  hundred  hardly  ten  survived. 

5.  Note  the  various  translations  of  such  sentences  as: 

The  best  students  are  the  most  diligent: 

Optimus  quisque  discipulus  est  dibgentissimus; 

Quo  quisque  melior  discipulus,  eo  est  diligentior; 

Ut  quisque  optimus,  ita  est  diligentissimus. 

EXERCISES 

1.  Hic  aditus  laudis  optimo  cuique  maxime  semper  patuit. 

2.  Optimus  quisque  maxime  posteritati  servit.  3.  Trahimur 
omnes  studio  laudis,  et  optimus  quisque  maxime  gloria  ducitur. 
4.  Ut  quaeque  civitas  optime  morata  est,  ita  (illa)  diligentis¬ 
sime  observantur.  5.  Augurum,  ut  quisque  aetate  antecedit, 
ita  sententiae  principatum  tenet.  6.  Ut  quisque  aetate  et 
honore  antecedit,  ita  primus  solet  dicere. 

1.  All  good  things  are  generally  few  and  far  between.  2.  The 
pensions  of  teachers  are  fixed  with  reference  to  their  salaries. 

3.  “As  men  draw  towards  their  end,  they  care  less  for  dis¬ 
closures.”  Newman.  4.  As  men  advance  in  wisdom,  they 
grow  more  indifferent  to  death.  5.  A  person’s  usefulness  is  not 
necessarily  in  proportion  to  his  self-confidence.  6.  Soldiers  are 
the  more  efficient  for  being  disciplined.  7.  “In  proportion  to 
our  opportunities  of  knowing  the  right  and  the  wrong,  so  will 
our  judgment  be.”  Hedley.  8.  Old  Marcus  Cicero  used  to 
say  that  the  more  a  Roman  had  tasted  of  Greek  culture,  the 
more  of  a  rascal  he  would  generally  be. 

Vocabulary 

few  and  far  between:  rarus.  pension.  stipendium  (salarium) 

salary:  docere  (w.  gen.  or  abl.  of  price),  annuum. 

to  draw  etc.:  prope  abesse  a  morte,  disclosure:  mentem  suam  aperire. 
to  care  less:  use  invitus.  indifferent:  aequo  animo. 

usefulness:  utilitatem  afferre.  disciplined:  disciplina  assuefactus. 

efficient:  idoneus  ad  pugnandum.  to  taste,  etc.:  scire  Graece. 
rascal:  nequam,  nequior,  nequissimus. 


E.  PREPOSITIONS 


LESSON  XXXV 

THE  LATIN  PREPOSITION  IN 

In  laudibus  quasi  pleniore  ore  laudamus: 

When  we  praise  at  all,  we  praise  heartily. 

Habet  nihil,  quod  in  offensione  deperdat: 

He  has  nothing  to  lose — if  he  should  lose  his  cause. 

In  fragili  corpore  odiosa  omnis  offensio  est: 

When  the  body  is  sore,  every  rub  is  a  source  of  pain. 

Nulla  in  re  communi  saluti  defuit: 

Ha  has  proved  himself  on  every  occasion  a  public-spirited  gentleman. 

The  preposition  “  in  ”  denotes  that  special  field  within  the 
limits  of  which  a  given  predicate  may  be  asserted  or  denied  of 
its  subject;  or  the  special  point  of  view  from  which  an  action 
is  considered.  Owing  to  the  nature  of  the  context,  it  some¬ 
times  shades  over  into  the  meaning  “  despite.” 

EXERCISES 

1.  In  amicitia  Lentuli  Pompeius  vituperatur.  2.  In  summa 
prudentia  tamen  deceptus  es.  3.  Quidam  saepe  in  parva  pe¬ 
cunia  perspiciuntur,  quam  sint  leves.  4.  In  portoriis  tollendis. 
5.  In  sententiis  ferendis,  quod  sentietis,  id  audete.  6.  In  no¬ 
stro  omnium  fletu  nullam  lacrimam  Milonis  aspexistis.  7.  In 
salute  omnium.  8.  Galli  in  consiliis  capiendis  sunt  mobiles. 
9.  Stantes  plaudebant  in  re  ficta;  quid  arbitramur  in  re  vera 
facturos  fuisse?  10.  In  consule  declarando  multum  apud  po¬ 
pulum  Romanum  auctoritatis  habet  suffragatio  militaris. 
11.  Nonnunquam  homines  in  ipso  negotio  consilium  capere  co¬ 
guntur.  12.  In  dissensione  nullam  ego  salutem  perspicio. 
13.  In  eo  peccandi  Germanis  causa  non  erat.  14.  In  tanta  mul¬ 
titudine  dediticiorum  suam  fugam  occultari  posse  existimarunt. 

47 


48 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


15.  Atque  m  rege  tamen  pater  est.  16.  Lucullus  meis  omnibus 
litteris  in  Pompeiana  laude  perstrictus  est.  17.  In  admini¬ 
stranda  re  publica. 

1.  In  this  respect  I  praise  you.  2.  I  cannot  blame  you  for 
such  conduct  as  I  have  approved  of  in  my  own  case.  3.  In  the 
field  or  department  of  education.  4.  In  the  shaping  of  our 
policies.  5.  As  an  orator,  Demosthenes  ranks  high.  6.  Despite 
his  wealth,  a  wicked  man  is  not  happy.  7.  I  appeal  to  you, 
soldiers,  now  that  a  good  man  and  fearless  citizen  is  in  danger. 
8.  In  a  matter  in  which  the  public  is  interested. 

Vocabulary 

such  conduct:  id.  to  shape :  administrare. 

to  rank  high:  excellere.  to  appeal  to:  appellare. 

fearless:  invictus. 


Note 

The  preposition  in  is  especially  found  after  versari  which  takes  things 
as  well  as  persons  for  its  subject: 

Quid?  Democritus,  nonne  in  maximo  errore  versatur? 

And  how  about  Democritus — is  he  not  entirely  mistaken? 

Meus  labor  in  privatorum  periculis  versatus  est: 

My  work  has  been  confined  to  the  defense  of  privat:  persons. 

In  Asiae  luce  versatur: 

He  ( has  emerged  from  his  hiding  places  in  Cappadocia  and  now)  stalks 
about  ( busies  himself)  openly  in  our  province  of  Asia. 


LESSON  XXXVI 

THE  PREPOSITION  WITHOUT 

Sine  ulla  spe: 

Without  a  gleam  of  hope. 

Venit  non  rogatus: 

He  comes  without  an  invitation. 

Diana  loco  mutato  religionem  tamen  non  amisit: 

The  statue  of  Diana  changed  its  place  without  losing  the  veneration  of  the 
people. 

Si  commodo  rei  publicae  facere  possum: 

If  I  can  do  it  without  hurting  the  interests  of  the  Republic. 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


49 


Besides  the  preposition  “  sine  ”  which  is  always  followed  by  a 
noun,  there  are  various  other  ways  of  rendering  the  English 
preposition  “  without.” 

EXERCISES 

1.  Vobis  invitis.  2.  Nunquam  te  aspicio,  quin  tuum  in  me 
meritum  recorder.  3.  Ita  id  expedit,  ut  non  sit  turpe.  4.  Ad 
unum  omnes  interfecti  sunt.  5.  Memoria  minuitur,  nisi  eam 
exerceas.  6.  Plato  mortem  ita  laudat,  ut  fugere  vitam  non 
iubeat.  7.  Non  possunt  multi  rem  ac  fortunam  amittere,  ut 
non  plures  secum  in  eandem  trahant  calamitatem.  8.  Sapientis 
est  nihil  contra  legem  facientem  rationem  habere  rei  familiaris. 
9.  Relinquo  illa,  quibus  relictis  (omissis,  remotis)  hoc  vitium 
omnino  esse  non  potest.  10.  Ab  artificio  suo  non  recessit  et 
tamen  dixit  aliquid  ...  11.  Est  in  manibus  laudatio;  quam 
cum  legimus,  quem  philosophum  non  contemnimus?  12.  Res 
nullius  momenti  est.  13.  Tacitus  loquitur. 

1.  Without  let  or  hindrance  from  any  one.  2.  They  come 
without  being  invited.  3.  They  never  come  without  being  in¬ 
vited.  4.  Without  resorting  to  violence.  5.  Without  an  order 
from  Caesar.  6.  Hannibal  marched  up  to  the  City  without  the 
least  resistance.  7.  I  can  never  look  at  you  without  weeping. 

Vocabulary 


violence:  iniuria;  vis. 


to  weep:  lacrimare. 


F.  VERBS 


LESSON  XXXVII 


REMARKS  ON  THE  PASSIVE  VOICE 


\dmirationem  habeo: 

I  am  admired. 


Duce  natura  optima  vivitur: 

We  live  best  when  we  follow  nature. 


Pugnatur: 

The  fight  is  on.  The  battle  rages. 


There  are  various  ways  of  supplying  the  passive  voice  of 
deponent  and  defective  verbs. 

The  impersonal  use  of  the  passive  voice  of  intransitive  verbs 
is  a  special  point  of  Latin  idiom.  Thus, 


Odio  sum  alicui: 

I  am  hated. 

Misericordiam  habeo: 

I  am  pitied. 

Impetus  fit  in  hostes: 

The  enemy  is  attacked. 


Metui  sum: 

I  am  feared. 

In  odium  (odia  hominum)  venit: 

He  became  unpopular. 

Ab  cone  lio  disceditur: 

The  assembly  disperses. 


EXERCISES 

1.  Non  sine  periculo  manetur.  2.  Moriendum  est.  3.  Ad 
eum  statim  concursum  est.  4.  Accessum  est  ad  Britanniam 
omnibus  navibus.  5.  Maioribus  natu  assurgitur.  6.  Ventum 
erat  ad  Vestae.  7.  Ipsi  nihil  nocitum  iri  dixit.  8.  Cum  simu¬ 
latione  timoris  agi  iubet.  9.  Ab  nostris  resistitur.  10.  Honori¬ 
fice  sane  consurgitur.  11.  Totis  trepidatur  castris.  12.  Aditum 
est  ad  libros  Sibyllinos.  13.  Habet  enim  venerationem  iustam 
quidquid  excellit.  14.  Periculum  hostium  fit. 

1.  I  am  envied.  2.  Such  is  life.  3.  The  fight  was  something 
fierce.  4.  There  is  no  prevailing  upon  the  citizens.  5.  The 
citizens  seem  to  have  been  prevailed  upon.  6.  The  order  is 
given  out. 


50 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


51 


Vocabulary 


fierce:  acriter. 

to  give  out  an  order:  pronuntiare. 


to  prevail  upon:  persuadere. 


Note 


Many  phrases  are  formed  by  means  of  habere  which  in  such  cases  means 
to  give  rise  to,  cause,  be  connected  with,  occasion,  etc. 

Res  dubitationem  non  habet: 

The  matter  does  not  admit  of  doubt. 


References.  For  a  full  discussion  of  this  usage,  see  Naegelsbach, 
Stilistik,  §  110. 


LESSON  XXXVIII 


PHRASEOLOGICAL  VERBS 


Me  ipse  consolor: 

I  know  how  to  console  myself. 

Nihil  te  utor: 

I  will  have  nothing  to  do  with  you. 

Sometimes,  when  Latin  uses  a  simple  verb,  English  employs 
a  more  elaborate  phrase.  The  auxiliary  verb  thus  employed 
is  styled  phraseological.  In  such  cases,  Latin  states  a  simple 
matter  of  fact,  leaving  the  reader  to  discover  for  himself  the 
precise  shade  of  meaning  conveyed  by  the  writer. 


ILLUSTRATIONS 

The  context  may  require  that  we  render 


mortuus  est 
fateor : 
careo : 
non  fero: 
non  dico: 
non  vereor: 
cogor : 
suspicor: 
non  infitior: 
debeo : 


by:  he  had  to  die, 

I  must  confess, 

I  have  to  dispense  with 
I  cannot  endure, 

I  will  not  say, 

I  need  not  fear, 

I  feel  constrained, 

I  am  led  to  suspect, 

I  will  not  deny, 

I  feel  obliged. 


52 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


Flumen  vado  transitur: 

The  river  is  fordable. 

Caesar  pontem  fecit: 

Caesar  had  a  bridge  made. 

Voluit  sibi  anulum  facere: 

Verres  wanted  to  get  a  ring  made  for  himself. 

Contumaciam  tuam  non  probo: 

I  cannot  approve  of  your  stubbornness. 

Ex  hac  ego  lege  omnia  illa  tollebam  quae  ad  privatorum  incommodum 
pertinebant: 

From  this  bill  I  had  all  such  features  eliminated  as  tended  to  injure  pri¬ 
vate  interests. 

Collatino  Brutus  imperium  abrogabat: 

Brutus  caused  Collatinus  to  resign. 

Crassus  illas  fortunas  dimisit: 

Crassus  had  to  part  with  his  immense  fortune. 

Etiam  Appia  iam  via  carebamus: 

Things  got  so  bad  that  we  had  to  avoid  even  the  Appian  Way. 

Note 

The  Roman  of  classical  times  could  afford  to  be  “frugal  in  the  use  of 
words,”  because  Latin  was  still  in  its  freshness  and  its  words  had  lost 
nothing  of  their  original  meaning.  What  the  phrase  I  feel  obliged  usually 
means  to  us  is  sufficiently  expressed  by  debeo,  while  a  literal  translation 
sentio  me  debere  would  mean  much  more  to  the  Roman  than  what  is 
conveyed  by  the  phrase  in  English.  Modern  speech  has  a  strongly  sub¬ 
jective  tinge;  Latin,  on  the  other  hand,  aims  to  be  direct,  concrete  and 
objective. 


LESSON  XXXIX 

LATIN  VERBS  AS  EQUIVALENTS  FOR  ENGLISH  ADVERBS 


Apparet  vos  esse  commotos: 

You  are  evidently  moved. 

Vexare  me  non  desistit: 

He  bothers  me  all  the  time. 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


53 


While  Latin  has  no  dearth  of  adverbs,  still  there  is  a  tendency 
to  use  verbal  constructions  where  English,  often  prefers  ad¬ 
verbial  expressions.  Thus  we  may  render 


necessarily 

seemingly: 

in  haste: 

unhesitatingly : 

no  more,  no  longer: 

unfortunately : 

usually,  repeatedly: 

hardly : 

possibly: 

luckily: 

perhaps: 

hardly: 

besides : 

undoubtedly: 

almost: 


by:  necesse  est, 
videor, 
properare, 
non  bubito, 
desino, 

doleo,  nollem, 
soleo,  consuevi, 
vereor  ut, 
fieri  potest  ut, 
bene  accidit  ut, 
haud  scio  an, 
nescio  an  non, 
accedit  ut  (quod), 
non  est  dubium  quin, 
non  multum  abest  quin. 


EXERCISES 

1.  Sequitur  (Ex  quo  conficitur),  ut  animi  sint  immortales. 
2.  Relinquitur,  ut  de  me  ipso  pauca  dicam.  3.  De  Carthagine 
vereri  non  desinam.  4.  Carthaginem  et  Numantiam  funditus 
sustulerunt;  nollem  Corinthum.  5.  Eum  regem,  quem  antea 
ornare  solebam,  nunc  cogor  defendere.  6.  Accedebat  huc,  ut 
magnis  intervallis  proeliarentur. 

1.  Each  one  fetched  in  haste  what  was  his  own.  2.  The 
sold'ers  crossed  the  river  without  delay.  3.  Read  Cicero’s 
Tusculan  Disputations,  and  you  will  fear  death  no  longer. 
4.  I  have  now  to  speak  of  happiness.  5.  I  may  possibly  be 
mistaken.  6.  Possibly  he  may  not  return.  7.  He  confessed 
without  delay.  8.  Probably  it  is  true. 


Vocabulary 
to  fetch:  petere. 


54 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


Note 

Here  belong  a  number  of  familiar  phrases  of  transition: 
dum  haec  aguntur,  geruntur,  fiunt:  meanwhile. 

quo  facto;  his  rebus  cognitis;  his  rebus  gestis;  quo  audito;  haec  ubi  facta 
sunt:  thereupon. 

quo  fit  ut;  unde  factum  est  ut:  in  consequence. 

quod  nisi  ita  esset:  otherwise. 

quibus  rebus  paratis:  these  preliminaries  over. 

References.  Arnold-Bradley,  IX,  64. 


G.  ADVERBS 


LESSON  XL 

RENDERING  LATIN  ADVERBS 

1.  Avide  obduxit:  He  drank  eagerly. 

Laetus  venenum  hausit:  He  cheerfully  drank  the  poison. 

While  adverbs  describe  the  manner  of  the  action,  adjectives 
emphasize  the  mental  or  physical  condition  of  the  subject  at 
the  time  of  the  action.  The  Romans  often  used  adjectives 
where  we  prefer  adverbs. 

Praecipites  fugerunt:  They  fled  precipitately. 

Agnosco  non  invitus:  I  gladly  acknowledge. 

Haud  timidi  resistunt :  They  resist  fearlessly. 

Prudens  et  sciens :  Deliberately.  With  open  eyes. 

2.  Iniuste  fecit:  He  did  wrong. 

Bene  sperat:  He  has  good  hopes. 

Latin  adverbs  are  sometimes  best  rendered  by  nouns  or  by 
adjectives  added  to  the  noun  that  is  implied  in  the  verb. 

Bene  facere:  To  do  good. 

Bene  dicere:  To  make  a  fine  speech. 

Largiter  potest:  He  wields  an  immense  power. 

Liberaliter  pollicetur:  He  makes  liberal  promises. 

Non  obscure  invident:  They  make  no  secret  of  their  jealousy. 

Male  vendere:  To  sell  at  a  sacrifice. 

Bene  praecipis:  Your  advice  is  good;  you  give  good  advice. 

Equitatu  multum  valent:  They  have  a  strong  (efficient) 
cavalry.  Their  strength  lies  in  their  cavalry. 

Praeclare  vixero,  si  tantum  mali  non  videro:  Glorious  shall 
be  (the  evening  of)  my  life  if  I  am  spared  the  sight  of  so  great 
a  calamity. 

3.  Recte  dicit:  He  is  right  in  saying. 

Male  reprehendunt:  They  are  wrong  in  criticizing. 

55 


56 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


Certain  adverbs  are  used  to  express  the  writer’s  verdict  or 
judgment  upon  the  action  set  forth  by  the  verb,  or  upon  the 
person  acting. 

Insipienter  sperat :  He  is  foolish  enough  to  hope. 

Non  recte  tacuit:  It  was  wrong  for  him  to  keep  quiet. 

Melius  tacuisses:  You  would  have  done  better  to  keep  quiet. 

Inique  comparas:  It  is  unfair  for  you  to  compare. 

lure  omnia  saeva  patimur :  It  serves  us  right  if  we  suffer  harsh 
treatment. 

Melius  peribimus  quam  vivemus:  It  will  be  better  for  us  to 
die  than  to  live. 

Metuo,  ne  scelerate  in  te  dicam,  patria,  quod  pro  Milone 
dicam  pie:  Will  it  be  a  crime  against  thee,  my  country,  if  I 
breathe  a  prayer  for  Milo? 

4.  Mortuus:  One  already  dead. 

Moriendum  mihi  est:  I  have  yet  to  die. 

English  adverbs  are  not  specially  translated  when  implied 
in  the  Latin  equivalent  of  the  word  which  they  qualify. 

Maior  est  Caesar:  Still  greater  is  Caesar. 

Est  Deus:  There,  really  is  a  God. 

Pater  mature  decessit :  The  father  died  all  too  soon. 

Id,  quod  accidit:  That  which  actually  happened. 

Nunc:  Even  to  this  day;  even  nowadays. 

Nuper:  Only  the  other  day. 


Notes 


1.  Mark  the  difference  between 

Sapienter  taces,  or:  sapienter  facis  cum  (quod)  taces: 

It  is  wise  on  your  part  to  keep  quiet;  and 

Sapienter  facis  si  taces,  or:  sapientis  est  tacere: 

It  were  wise  for  you  to  keep  quiet. 

2.  Bene  may  sometimes  serve  for  our  “thank  you:  ” 

Bene  vocas:  Thank  you  for  your  kind  invitation. 

Bene  narras:  Thank  you  for  saying  so. 

(Male  narras:  I  owe  you  little  thanks  for  saying  so:  I  do  not  like  to  heca 
this  from  you.) 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


57 


LESSON  XLI 


HENDIADYS 


Ardor  et  impetus: 

A  sharp  attack. 


Orare  et  obsecrare: 


To  beseech  earnestly. 


Sceleratus  et  nefarius: 

A  downright  villain. 


Declinatione  et  corpore: 

By  dodging. 


Modice  et  sapienter: 

With  wise  moderation. 


Fundi  fugarique: 


To  be  utterly  routed. 


A  single  complex  idea  is  sometimes  expressed  in  Latin  by- 
two  nouns,  or  two  adjectives,  or  two  adverbs,  or,  finally,  two 
verbs.  This  figure  is  called  Hendiadys.  It  should  be  used 
with  discretion. 


ILLUSTRATIONS 


Aestus  febrisque:  Feverish  heat — high  fever. 

Temeritas  et  casus:  Blind  chance. 

Natura  pudorque:  Native  reserve — characteristic  modesty. 
Ora  vultusque:  The  expression  on  the  countenances. 
Vociferatio  atque  indignatio:  Cries  of  indignation. 

Clamor  fremitusque  oriebatur:  A  babel  of  voices  arose. 

Mors  non  est  interitus  omnia  tollens  atque  delens:  Death  is 
not  a  complete  annihilation. 

Divellere  atque  distrahere:  To  separate  violently. 

Interdicit  atque  imperat:  He  forbids  strictly. 

Contendere  et  laborare:  To  strain  every  nerve. 

Favere  et  cupere  alicui:  To  be  an  ardent  partisan  of — to  be 
heart  and  soul  in  favor  of— someone. 

Voces  ac  timor:  Voices  of  despair. 

Furor  ac  tela:  Mad  violence.  (A  furious  cannonade.) 

More  et  exemplo :  In  accordance  with  established  usage. 
Signa  et  lumina:  Brilliant  constellations. 

Hoc  candelabrum  nunc  ego  do  dono,  dico  consecro  Iovi  0.  M. : 
This  chandelier  I  now  formally  and  solemnly  dedicate  and 
consecrate  to  the  great  and  gracious  Jupiter. 

Abiit  excessit — evasit  erupit  (a  double  asyndetic  hendiadys)  : 
He  is  off  and  gone,  and  not  a  trace  is  left  of  him. 


58 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


Dicendum  est  enim  de  Cn.  Pompei  singulari  eximiaque 
virtute:  The  subject  of  my  discourse  is — Gnaeus  Pompey,  the 
ideal  commander-in-chief. 


Caution 

Reid-Kelsey,  on  Cic.  Sen.  15:  “Real  instances  of  hendiadys  are  much 
rarer  than  is  generally  supposed.” 


H.  NEGATIVES 


LESSON  XLII 

NON  .  .  .  NEGO  .  .  .  NULLUS 

1.  In  exclamations,  when  “  not  ”  is  not  really  intended  to 
negative  a  word  or  sentence,  non  should  be  omitted  in  Latin. 

How  often  has  he  not  helped  me: 

Quam  saepe  me  adiuvit! 

How  great  is  not  God’s  bounty: 

Quanta  est  benignitas  Dei! 

How  pleasant  is  it  not  to  rest  after  work  performed: 

Quam  grata  requies  est  opere  peracto! 

2.  As  the  modifier  of  a  single  word,  non  is  placed  directly 
before  it;  as  the  negative  of  a  whole  sentence,  it  is  placed 
before  the  verb. 

Non  ego,  sed  ille  erravit: 

Not  I,  but  he  has  blundered. 

Aegrotus  non  sum: 

I  am  not  ailing. 

Vulneratus  non  est: 

He  was  not  wounded. 

Prodire  non  audent: 

They  dare  not  go  forth. 

Id  facere  non  possum: 

I  cannot  do  it. 

3.  When  “  no  ”  negatives  an  entire  sentence,  it  is  rendered 
by  non  and  placed  before  the  verb. 

Bella  non  gero: 

I  wage  no  wars 

Caninius  suo  toto  consulatu  somnum  non  vidit: 

Caninius  got  no  sleep  during  his  entire  consulship. 

4.  When  “  no  ”  negatives  a  word  and  is  equivalent  to  not 

one,  not  a  single  one ,  it  is  rendered  by  nullus. 

59 


60 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


Nulla  nox  est,  qua  non  somniemus: 

There  is  not  a  night ,  but  we  dream. 

In  tyranni  vita  nullus  locus  est  amicitiae: 

A  tyrant's  life  leaves  no  room  for  friendship. 

Cum  nulla  belli  esset  suspicio: 

When  no  one  so  much  as  dreamt  of  war. 

Sine  amicitia  vita  est  nulla: 

Without  friendship ,  life  is  not  worth  living. 

Raris  et  prope  nullis  portibus: 

The  harbors  being  few  and  far  between. 

Nullo  puncto  temporis  intermisso  mundus  versatur  circa  axem: 

Without  a  moment's  stop  the  world  turns  round  its  axis. 

5.  Nemo  is  sometimes  used  as  a  noun,  sometimes  as  an 
adjective. 

Nemo  e  decem  sana  mente  est: 

Not  one  out  of  ten  has  all  his  wits  about  him. 

Nemo  alteri  similis  est: 

No  two  are  exactly  alike. 

No  scholar:  Nemo  doctus.  No  Roman:  Nemo  Romanus. 

No  poet:  Nemo  poeta.  No  man:  Nemo  homo. 

Decline:  Nemo,  nullius,  nemini,  neminem,  nullo. 

6.  Note  the  position  of  the  negative  in  sentences  of  the  fol¬ 
lowing  kind.  (See  Lesson  47,  5.) 

Ut  enim  innocens  is  dicitur,  non  qui  leviter  nocet,  sed  qui  nihil  nocet,  sic 
sine  metu  is  habendus  est,  non  qui  parva  metuit,  sed  qui  omnino  metu 
vacat: 

As  he  is  not  called  harmless  that  does  no  great  harm,  but  he  that  does  no 
harm  at  all,  so  he  is  not  styled  fearless  that  entertains  no  great  fear, 
but  he  that  entertains  no  fear  at  all. 


LESSON  XLIII 

NEGATIVE  COMBINATIONS 

1.  NEGO.  NOLO.  VETO. 

Whereas  English  often  places  the  negative  in  the  dependent 
clause,  Latin  prefers  to  join  it  to  the  verb  of  the  leading  sen¬ 
tence,  especially  in  the  case  of  dico,  volo,  and  iubeo.  Thus, 

dico  .  .  .  non  is  changed  to  nego, 
volo  .  .  .  non  nolo, 

iubeo  .  .  .  non  veto. 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


61 


Negat  se  posse: 

He  says  he  cannot. 

Negavit  se  quidquam  fecisse: 

He  said  he  had  not  done  anything. 

Nollem  factum  esset: 

I  wish  it  had  not  happened. 

Vetuit  suos  tela  conicere: 

He  gave  orders  to  his  men  not  to  throw  any  missiles. 

Nemo  est  tam  senex,  qui  se  annum  non  putet  posse  vivere: 

No  one  is  so  old  as  to  imagine  he  cannot  live  another  year. 


2.  NEGATIVES  JOINED  TO  CONJUNCTIONS. 


Instead  of  et  and  the  negative,  Latin  prefers  to  use  neque  and 
the  positive. 


and  no  one,  nor  any  one: 
and  never,  nor  ever: 
and  neither. .  .  nor: 
in  order  that  neither.,  .nor: 


neque  quisquam, 
neque  unquam, 
neque  aut. .  .aut, 
ne  aut. . .aut. 


Similarly : 

Nemo  unquam:  No  one  ever,  never  any  one, 

Nihil  unquam:  Nothing  ever,  never  anything, 

Nemo  usquam:  No  one  anywhere,  nowhere  any  one. 


Neque  quisquam  est  vir  bonus  nisi  sapiens: 

And  none  but  a  wise  man  is  good. 

Verres  nihil  unquam  fecit  sine  aliquo  quaestu: 

Verres  never  engaged  in  any  sort  of  business  without  netting  a  handsome 
profit. 

Artes  nullo  usquam  tempore  magis  floruerunt  quam  Athenis  aetate  Periclis: 

Never  did  art  flourish  anywhere  more  than  at  Athens  in  the  day  of  Pericles. 


3.  TWO  NEGATIVES  JOINED. 


Non  ignoro:  7  know  very  well, 

Non  possum  non:  7  must,  I  cannot  help. 


Two  negatives  neutralize  each  other. 

There  are  two  exceptions  to  this  rule: 


a.  When  a  negatived  generic  idea  is  by  means  of  nec-nec 
still  further  explained  and  specialized. 

Nemo  unquam  neque  poeta  neque  orator  fuit,  qui  quemquam 
meliorem  quam  se  arbitraretur  (ad  Att.,  XIV,  20,  3):  There 
never  yet  was  poet  or  orator  who  reckoned  any  one  better  than 

himself. 


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AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


Nemo  nec  miles  nec  eques:  (nemo  aut  miles  aut  eques) : 
Neither  legionary  nor  horseman. 

Nihil  est  nec  maius  nec  melius  mundo:  There  is  nothing 
greater  or  better  than  the  world. 

Nulla  vitae  pars,  neque  publicis  neque  privatis  in  rebus, 
neque  si  tecum  agas  quid,  neque  si  cum  altero  contrahas,  va¬ 
care  officio  potest:  No  portion  of  our  life,  whether  we  spend  it 
in  public  or  in  private,  whether  we  deal  with  ourselves  or  con¬ 
tract  with  our  fellow-man,  can  ever  be  free  from  responsibility. 

b.  When  the  negative  is  followed  by  ne-quidem . 

Non  praetermittam  ne  illud  quidem:  Neither  will  I  pass  over 
the  following  item. 

Themistoclem  non  deterruit  ne  Miltiadis  quidem  calamitas: 
Not  even  the  sad  experience  of  Miltiades  deterred  Themistocles 


Note 


Mark  the  difference  between: 


nemo  non:  every  one, 
nihil  non:  everything , 
nullus  non:  every  {one), 


non  nemo:  some  one, 
non  nihil:  something, 
non  nullus:  some  one, 


nunquam  non:  always. 


non  nulli:  some,  several, 
non  nunquam:  sometimes. 


PART  II:  STRUCTURE  OF  SENTENCES 


LESSON  XLIV 

THE  NORMAL  ORDER  OF  A  LATIN  SENTENCE 

Beneficia  recordari  debemus: 

We  are  obliged  to  remember  favors. 

Caesar  munitioni  Labienum  praefecit: 

Caesar  placed  Labienus  in  charge  of  the  entrenchments. 

Equites — regem  magnis  cum  copiis  adesse — dixerunt : 

The  horsemen  announced  the  arrival  of  the  king  at  the  head  of  a  large 
army. 

An  ordinary  Latin  sentence  is  one  in  which  no  special  em¬ 
phasis  is  placed  on  any  of  its  parts.  The  word-order  of  such  a 
sentence  has  clearness  for  its  sole  object.  The  above  illus¬ 
trations  show  that  this  order  is  sometimes  the  very  opposite 
of  what  it  is  in  English. 

The  normal  order  of  a  Latin  sentence,  the  order  of  colorless 
statement  so  to  say,  is  as  follows: 

The  subject  followed  by  its  modifiers;  expressions  of  time, 
place,  means,  etc.;  indirect  and  direct  objects;  adverb  and 

verb. 

ILLUSTRATIONS 

Duces  a  bello  alieni  sunt :  The  leaders  are  opposed  to  war. 
Nulla  pars  nocturni  temporis  ad  laborem  intermittitur:  Work 
went  on  throughout  the  night  without  a  break. 

Ptolemaeus  a  filio  vita  privatus  esse  dicitur:  Ptolemy  is  said 
to  have  been  murdered  by  his  son. 

Milites  sinistra  impedita  satis  commode  pugnare  non  poterant: 
With  their  left  arms  encumbered  the  soldiers  could  not  fight 
very  conveniently. 

Milites  omnem  spem  salutis  in  virtute  ponebant :  The  soldiers 
placed  their  whole  hope  of  victory  in  personal  valor. 

References.  B.  L.  D’Ooge,  Latin  Composition,  Lesson  1;  Potts,  V: 
General  Characteristics  of  Latin;  VI:  Phrases  and  Style. 

63 


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AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


LESSON  XLV 

RHETORICAL  WORD-ORDER.  EMPHATIC  POSITION 

Obsolevit  iam  ista  oratio: 

A  stale  objection  that ! 

Manent  ingenia  senibus: 

Old  people  do  retain  their  wits. 

Pugnatum  est  ab  utrisque  acriter: 

The  fight  on  either  side  was  spirited. 

Fuit  hoc  luctuosum  suis: 

It  must  have  been  a  hard  blow  for  his  kin. 

A  departure  from  the  order  of  colorless  statement  becomes  im¬ 
perative  when  it  is  intended  to  emphasize  some  word  or  phrase 
at  the  expense  of  others  in  the  same  sentence,  in  other  words 
when  contrast  of  ideas  is  aimed  at.  Whereas  in  English  a 
stress  of  voice  may  be  the  only  means  of  indicating  emphasis, 
Latin  takes  the  emphatic  word  out  of  its  accustomed  place,  thus 
changing  the  normal  to  the  rhetorical  order  of  words. 

The  two  most  emphatic  places  in  a  Latin  sentence  are,  ordi¬ 
narily  speaking,  the  beginning  and  the  end. 

ILLUSTRATIONS 

Si  est  reddenda  ratio :  If  there  must  be  an  explanation. 

Quid  habet  enim  vita  commodi?  What  advantages  does  life 
really  offer? 

Risit  Apollo:  Apollo  had  to  laugh. 

Est  Deus:  There  is  a  God. 

Prudenter  Academici  adsensionem  cohibent:  The  Academics 
very  wisely  withhold  their  assent. 

Illo  licente  contra  liceri  audet  nemo:  When  that  man  bids, 
no  one  dares  bid  against  him. 

Capere  eius  amentiam  civitas,  Italia,  provinciae,  regna  non 
poterant:  The  City,  Italy,  the  Provinces,  foreign  kingdoms, 
why,  nothing  was  bis:  enough  for  his  mad  ambition. 

Non  modo  de  vallo  discessit  nemo,  sed  paene  ne  respexit 
quidem  quisquam:  Not  only  did  not  one  of  them  abandon  his 
post  on  the  rampart,  but  hardly  a  man  looked  round. 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


65 


Multo  denique  die  per  exploratores  Caesar  cognovit  montem 
teneri:  It  was  late  in  the  day  when  patrols  informed  Caesar  that 
the  hill  was  in  his  possession. 

Arbores  seret  agricola,  quarum  aspiciet  baccam  ipse  nun¬ 
quam:  The  farmer  plants  trees,  the  fruit  of  which  he  will  not 
live  to  see. 

Ut  desint  vires,  tamen  est  laudanda  voluntas:  Granted  that 
strength  be  lacking,  yet  is  credit  due  me  for  my  good  will. 

Note 

The  importance  of  the  particular  context  in  which  any  given  text  may 
be  found  can  hardly  be  overestimated.  It  is  that  which  shapes  the  Latin 
sentence  and  lends  color  to  the  translation. 

“  By  context  is  meant  ordinarily  the  words  which  precede  or  follow  a 
particular  word  within  a  group.  From  the  psychological  side  more  must 
be  included,  and  the  word  “context”  is,  perhaps,  too  narrow.  It  should 
include  all  the  circumstances  attending  the  speech,  the  occasion  which 
called  it  forth,  the  relation  of  the  speaker  to  the  hearer,  the  emotional 
tone,  the  nature  of  the  general  topic  of  conversation.” — E.  P.  Morris, 
Principles  and  Methods  in  Latin  Syntax,  p.  79. 


LESSON  XL VI 

THE  NORMAL  WORD-ORDER  ( Continued ) 


1.  ESSE. 

Latin  allows  great  freedom  in  the  position  of  the  auxiliary 
verb. 

Is  ubi  est?  Praesto  est,  testis  est. 

Non  usque  eo  est  improbus,  non  omnia  sunt  in  uno  vitia,  nunquam  fuit 
crudelis. 

Est  Deus.  Est,  ut  dicis.  Sunt  ista.  Sit  ita  sane.  Fuimus  Troes. 

Erant  omnino  itinera  duo.  Erat  hiems  summa.  (Lesson  47,  3.) 

2.  ADJECTIVES: 

In  Latin,  as  in  Indo-European  languages  generally,  adjectives 
are  as  a  rule  prepositive,  i.  e.  precede  the  noun. 

Alia  urbs.  magnum  argumentum,  turpe  facinus. 

bono  animo,  magno  opere.  Magna  Graecia. 

bonus  vir:  “patriot,”  omnia  flumina. 


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AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


Yet  many  adjectives  are  by  force  of  custom  postpositive. 

iter  campestre.  Populus  Romanus. 

Gallis  cisalpina,  di  immortales,  res  publica, 
genus  humanum,  pontifex  maximus,  aes  alienum, 
vir  peritissimus.  homo  Romanus, 
litterae  Latinae,  litterae  Graecae, 
ab  urbe  condita,  res  urbanae. 

In  the  following,  therefore,  the  adjectives  are  emphatic: 

urbsalia.  Latinae  litterae.  publica  res  (opposed  to  privata  res). 

When  a  noun  is  preceded  by  adjective  and  preposition,  the 
adjective  is  often  placed  before  the  preposition: 

magnis  cum  copiis,  magno  cum  fletu.  (Lesson  48.) 
quam  ob  rem.  quo  ex  portu. 

Yet:  in  nostro  mari.  in  reliquis  maribus,  in  summa  omnium  rerum 
copia. 

3.  PRONOUNS: 

Demonstrative  pronouns  are  prepositive;  possessive  and  in¬ 
definite  pronouns  are  postpositive. 

haec  urbs.  ipse  homo,  illi  omnes,  domus  mea.  frater  tuus,  filio  suo. 
scriptor  quidam,  poeta  nescio  quis. 

Emphatic  position : 

mallem  audissem  de  tuis  rebus  ex  tuis  litteris. 

haec  mea  manu  scripsi.  Medea  illa  ( well-known ).  sine  ullo  vulnere, 
non  sine  aliquo  vulnere. 

4.  GENITIVES.  APPOSITIVES. 

Genitives  and  appositives  are  ordinarily  postpositive. 

salus  rei  publicae,  odium  Hannibalis, 
amor  parentum,  timor  Germanorum, 
tribunus  plebis,  orbis  terrarum. 

Xerxes,  rex  Persarum.  Philippus,  rex  Macedonum. 

C.  Mario  (et)  L.  Valerio  consulibus. 

Yet  regularly:  mons  VosSgus.  flumen  Rhenus,  urbs  Roma. 

5.  NUMERALS: 

Both  cardinals  and  ordinals  are  prepositive: 

duo  legati,  quingentae  naves, 
prima  luce,  primo  adventu. 

But  ordinals  follow  hora,  dies ,  annus: 

hora  nona.  annus  iam  tertius.  Emphatic:  vicesimus  iam  dies. 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


67 


6.  ADVERBS: 

Adverbs  are  prepositive : 

multo  ante,  paullo  post,  iniuste  facere,  bene  sperare. 

7.  NOTE  :  ferro  ignique.  terra  marique.  senatus  populusque  Ro¬ 
manus.  senatus  consultum,  mihi  crede  ( crede  mihi  is  more  commonly 
colloquial). 

References.  I.  H.  Schmalz,  Syntax,  p.  641-649. 


LESSON  XLVII 

NOTES  ON  THE  EMPHATIC  WORD-ORDER 

1.  In  concessive  clauses,  the  verb  often  stands  first. 

Sit  hoc  verum: 

Let  this  be  ever  so  true. 

Sit  ita  sane: 

Granted.  What  of  it? 

Fuerit  iratus: 

Well,  suppose  he  was  angry. 

Ne  sit  summum  malum  dolor,  malum  certe  est: 

If  pain  is  not  the  greatest  evil,  an  evil  it  certainly  is. 

2.  Note  the  simple  and  direct  way  in  which  Cicero  opens  the 
narratives  wh'ch  are  scattered  up  and  down  his  speeches. 

Cn.  Pompeius  est  Tyndaritanus.  Is  cenam  isti  dabat  apud  villam: 

Down  at  Tyndaris,  there  is  a  man  by  the  name  of  Gnaeus  P ompey,  who 
once  gave  a  dinner  at  his  villa  in  honor  of  Verres.  Verr.,  IV,  48. 

Melitensis  Diodorus  est,  qui  antea  testimonium  dixit,  ib.  38. 

Diocles  est,  Pamphili  gener,  Popilius  cognomine,  35.  _ 

Mulier  est  Segestana,  perdives  et  nobilis,  Lamia  nomine,  59. 

Segesta  est  oppidum  pervetus  in  Sicilia,  72. 

Insula  est  Melita,  a  Sicilia  mari  diiuncta,  103. 

3.  In  giving  a  description  of  place  or  other  attendant  circum¬ 
stances,  Latin  writers  put  the  verb  (usually  some  form  of  esse) 
in  the  first,  or  perhaps  more  commonly  in  the  second,  place  in 
the  sentence. 

Erat  hiems  summa.  Verres,  IV,  86. 

Erant  omnino  itinera  duo.  B.  G.,  I,  6,  1. 

Flumen  est  Arar,  quod  in  Rhodanum  influit,  I,  12,  1. 


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AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


Mosa  profluit  ex  monte  VosSgo,  IV,  10. 

Planities  erat  magna,  I,  43,  1. 

Palus  erat  non  magna  .  .  .  II,  9. 

Loci  natura  erat  haec.  II,  18  (ib.  vergebat.) 

Collis  erat  leniter  ab  infimo  acclivis,  VII,  19. 

•Ipsum  erat  oppidum  positum  in  colle  summo,  VII,  69. 

Erat  ex  oppido  Alesia  despectus  in  campum,  VII,  79. 

4.  Caesar  and  Cicero  often  head  a  sentence  with  the  verb 
which  sums  up  and  brings  home  to  the  reader,  vividly  and  in¬ 
stantly,  the  whole  force  and  gist  of  the  statement  to  be  made. 
They  resort  to  this  device  to  sketch  the  rapid  movement  of 
events,  or  to  denote  quick  response  to  a  wish,  or  prompt  ful¬ 
filment  of  an  anticipation. 

For  illustrations,  see  Caesar,  B.  G.,  V,  31: 

consurgitur  ex  concilio  .  .  .  comprehendunt  utrumque  ... 
pronuntiatur  ituros  .  .  .  consumitur  vigiliis  .  .  . 

Legem  ambitus  flagitasti;  gestus  est  mos: 

You  demanded  a  Bribery  Act.  Well,  you  got  what  you  wanted  right 
away. 

Poena  gravior  in  plebem  tua  voce  flagitata  est;  commoti  sunt  animi 
tenuiorum: 

You  were  heard  to  demand  more  drastic  measures  against  the  Commons: 
there  was  an  instant  commotion  among  the  lower  classes. 

See  especially  Cic.  Sest.,  103: 

Tabellaria  lex  ferebatur:  dissentiebant  principes; 
agrariam  legem  ferebat:  nitebantur  contra  optimates; 
frumentariam  legem  ferebat:  repugnabant  boni. 

5.  Ordinarily,  dependent  clauses  are  headed  by  the  con¬ 
junction  or  the  relative  pronoun  (adverb).  There  is  an  excep¬ 
tion  to  this  rule  when  other  words  in  the  sentence  call  for 
special  emphasis. 

Aliter  si  facit: 

If  he  does  otherwise. 

Augur  cum  esset,  auspicia  neglexit: 

Though  augur  by  profession,  he  yet  neglected  the  auspices. 

Eo  facto  sic  doluit,  nihil  ut  tulerit  gravius  in  vita: 

At  this  he  felt  such  pain  as  he  had  never  felt  in  all  his  life. 

Iter  erat  angustum  et  difficile,  vix  qua  singuli  carri  ducerentur: 

One  route  was  so  narrow  and  difficult  that  carts  could  barely  pass  along  it 
one  at  a  time. 

Quae  vis  explicabo,  nec  tamen,  certa  ut  sint  et  fixa  quae  dixero: 

I  will  explain  what  you  desire,  not,  however,  as  though  what  I  am  going 
to  say  is  absolutely  certain. 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


69 


Corpus  quid  sit,  intellego,  quasi  corpus  quid  sit,  nullo  prorsus  modo  in¬ 
tellego:  I  know  what  a  body  is,  but  I  have  no  idea  whatever  of  a  quasi 
body. 

6.  The  writings  of  Cicero  abound  with  instances  where  rea¬ 
sons  of  euphony  as  well  as  a  desire  for  emphasis  are  respon¬ 
sible  for  the  breaking  up  of  the  sentence  into  two  equally  balanced 
members. 

In  the  sentence  (Verres,  IV,  39): 

( Verres )  makes  the  impression  of  a  raving  lunatic, 

(Verres)  insanire  ac  furere  omnibus  videtur, 

Cicero  chose  to  balance  the  sentence  more  evenly  by  taking  omnibus  from 
its  place  before  videtur  and  putting  it,  like  an  enclitic,  after  insanire: 

insanire  omnibus  #  ac  #  furere  videtur. 

This  arrangement  is  artistic  and  makes  the  sentence  easy  to  deliver  by 
enabling  the  speaker  to  throw  all  the  stress  of  voice  on  insanire  and  furere. 
The  words  omnibus  and  videtur  are  comparatively  unaccented. 

Other  illustrations  of  the  same  principle: 

Verr.,  IV,  67 :  contineri  mihi  //  atque  ^  inesse  videantur. 

67 :  comitatu  regio  /f'  atque  #  ornatu  fuit. 

64:  recens  ad  oculos  hominum  ^  atque  #  integra  pervenit. 

The  same  dual  arrangement  is  permissible  where  the  place  of  et  or  atque 
is  taken  by  que,  by  aut-aut,  or  by  an  asyndeton: 

IV,  72:  locum  tantum — hominesque  mutavit; 

80:  (Omnia  sunt  in  te,  quae) 

aut  fortuna  hominibus  j?  aut  natura  largitur: 

You  have  every  advantage  which  either  fortune  or  nature  can 
throw  in  man's  way. 

Ars  P.  333:  Aut  prodesse  volunt  ^  aut  delectare  poetae: 

Poets  want  either  to  instruct  or  to  please. 

Off.  2,  51:  Et  gloria  paritur  et  gratia  defensionibus: 

The  defence  of  innocence  wins  fame  and  favor  alike. 

Verr.,  IV,  117:  (Urbem  Syracusas) 

/  maximam  esse  Graecarum,  Z'  pulcherrimam  omnium  saepe  audistis :  / 

You  have  often  heard  that  Syracuse  is  the  greatest  of  Greek  cities  and  the 
most  beautiful  in  the  world. 

To  imitate  the  above  arrangement: 

“( Nelson ),  an  object  of  our  pride  and  our  hopes,  was  suddenly  taken  from  us 

In  quo  gloriam  ponere  //  salutemque  imperii  solebamus, 
is  subito  nobis  ereptus  est. 


70 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


LESSON  XL VIII 

HYPERBATON 

Nulla  hoc  civitas  unquam  alia  commisit: 

No  other  city  has  ever  done  this. 

Non  sibi  homo  soli  natus  est,  sed  patriae: 

Man  was  not  born  for  himself  alone,  but  likewise  for  his  country. 

Magno  cum  gemitu: 

With  many  a  sigh. 

Quanto  nostri  maiores  sapientius: 

How  much  more  wisely  our  forefathers  acted ! 

As  two  long  words  may  be  relieved  by  a  short  one  merely  for 
the  sake  of  euphony,  so  two  accented  words  are  often  separated 
by  an  unaccented  one  for  the  sake  of  emphasis.  The  effect  of 
this  figure,  called  Hyperbaton,1  is  to  throw  emphasis  on  the 
modifier,  which  is  separated  from  its  noun,  by  leaving  it  for 
the  moment  in  suspense. 

ILLUSTRATIONS 

Magno  vir  ingenio:  A  man  of  excellent  parts. 

Multo  enim  oratio  esset  pressior :  His  style  would  be  far  more 
terse. 

Aliud  iter  habebant  nullum:  No  other  route  was  open  to 
them. 

Quam  est  magna  dissensio  partium :  How  bitter  their  mutual 
ill  feelings  are! 

Quam  id  recte  faciam,  viderint  sapientes:  As  for  the  justifi¬ 
cation  of  my  conduct,  I  must  leave  that  to  the  philosophers. 

Quid  tam  porro  regium?:  Besides,  what  is  so  worthy  of  a 
king? 

Si  quid  est  in  me  ingenii :  If  I  do  possess  any  talent. 

Haud  scio  an  multo  sit  etiam  adiuvandus  magis:  Perhaps  he 
stands  so  much  the  more  in  need  of  help. 

Romani  ei  infesti  erant  omnes:  At  Rome  everything  was 
against  him. 

Nemo  omnium  tam  est  immanis:  No  man  is  so  savage. 

^rom  ut ep-fialw.  virtp-fiaTov,  transposition  of  words,  Lat.  transgressio. 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


71 


Meam  tuorum  erga  me  meritorum  memoriam  nulla  unquam 
delebit  oblivio:  Never  shall  I  forget  the  services  you  have  ren¬ 
dered  me. 

References.  Hale  and  Buck,  Lat.  Gr.,  627. 


LESSON  XLIX 

CHIASMUS  AND  ANAPHORA 

Two  very  common  means  of  emphasis  are  Chiasmus  and 
Anaphora.  Both  impart  emphasis  by  contrasting  two  pairs  of 
words,  the  chiastic  arrangement  by  putting  the  second  pair  in 
inverse  order,  the  anaphoral  by  putting  it  in  the  same  order  as 
the  first. 


I.  CHIASMUS  OR  CROSSWISE  ORDER 

Ambos  salutavi,  resalutavit  uterque: 

I  greeted  both,  and  each  returned  the  greeting. 

His  confectis  rebus  conventibusque  peractis: 

After  disposing  of  these  affairs  and  finishing  the  assizes. 

Virtute  sis  par,  dispar  fortuna  patris: 

(Says  Ajax  to  his  son):  May  you  be  like  your  sire  in  valor,  but  be 
spared  his  fate. 

Nil  ait  esse  prius,  melius  nil  caelibe  vita: 

Nothing  is  better,  says  he,  nor  is  aught  more  expedient  than  single 
blessedness. 

Peius  victoribus  Sequanis  quam  Aeduis  victis  accidit: 

The  victorious  Sequani  have  met  with  a  worse  fate  than  the  defeated  Aedui. 

II.  ANAPHORA 

Agitur  populi  Romani  gloria  .  .  . 
agitur  salus  sociorum  .  .  . 
aguntur  vectigalia  maxima  .  .  . 

The  prestige  of  Rome  is  at  stake;  so  is  the  welfare  of  our  allies;  so  are 
our  most  important  sources  of  revenue. 

Defendi  multos,  laesi  neminem: 

While  I  have  helped  many,  I  have  done  harm  to  none. 

Dispares  mores,  disparia  studia: 

Difference  of  character  leads  to  difference  of  aims. 

Reticebunt,  quae  poterunt,  libenter,  dicent,  quae  necesse  erit,  ingratiis: 
They  will  gladly  suppress  what  they  can,  and  what  they  can’t  they  will 
tell  with  reluctance. 


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AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


III.  CHIASMUS  AND  ANAPHORA  COMBINED 

Urbem  incendiis,  caede  cives,  Italiam  bello  liberavi: 

1  have  saved  the  City  from  conflagration,  the  citizens  from  massacre,  and 
Italy  from  war. 

Cum  vastabitur  Italia,  vexabuntur  urbes,  tecta  ardebunt: 

When  Italy  is  ravaged,  her  cities  harassed,  and  her  homes  in  flames, 
(will  you,  Catiline,  alone  remain  unhurt  f). 

EXERCISES 

I.  1.  A  te  non  liberationem  culpae,  sed  errati  veniam  im¬ 
petrarunt.  2.  Senectutem  ut  adipiscantur  omnes  optant,  ean¬ 
dem  accusant  adeptam.  3.  Homo  effeminatus  fortissimum  vi¬ 
rum  conatur  occidere.  4.  Optimis  auspiciis  ea  geruntur,  quae 
pro  re  publica  geruntur;  quae  contra  rem  publicam  feruntur, 
contra  auspicia  feruntur.  5.  Si  gladium  quis  apud  te  sana 
mente  deposuerit,  repetat  insaniens,  reddere  peccatum  sit. 

6.  Senes  avari,  quo  viae  minus  restat,  eo  plus  viatici  quaerunt. 

7.  Tolle  hanc  opinionem,  luctum  sustuleris.  8.  Philosophia 
aeque  pauperibus  prodest,  locupletibus  aeque.  9.  Nil  despe¬ 
randum  Teucro  duce  et  auspice  Teucro.  10.  Metuo  ne  scele¬ 
rate  dicam  in  te,  patria,  quod  pro  Milone  dicam  pie.  11.  Vos 
exemplaria  Graeca  nocturna  versate  manu,  versate  diurna. 

I.  This  has  often  been  said,  but  it  must  be  said  many  times 
more.  2.  Enjoy  that  blessing  while  you  have  it  (dum  adsit); 
but  do  not  wish  it  back  when  it  is  gone.  3.  This  cannot  be  said 
of  you,  though  it  might  be  said  of  Tarquin.  4.  “I  can  well  die, 
but  I  cannot  afford  to  misbehave.” 

II.  1.  Ab  eo  bello  Sullam  res  publica,  Murenam  Sulla  revo¬ 
cavit.  2.  Dum  ita  gaudet,  nihil  agitare  mente,  nihil  ratione, 
nihil  cogitatione  consequi  potest.  3.  Concordia  parvae  res 
crescunt,  discordia  maximae  dilabuntur.  4.  Huius  extrema 
aetas  auctoritatis  habebat  plus,  laboris  minus.  5.  Ausi  sunt 
transire  latissimum  flumen,  ascendere  altissimas  ripas,  subire 
iniquissimum  locum.  6.  Defendi  rem  publicam  adulescens,  non 
deseram  senex. 

1.  They  neither  hurl  spears  from  a  distance  nor  use  swords 
at  close  quarters.  2.  You  know  how  to  conquer,  but  you  don’t 
know  how  to  take  advantage  of  your  victories. 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


73 


III.  1.  Negat  enim  se,  negat  ingratis  civibus  fecisse  quae 
fecerit,  timidis  et  omnia  circumspicientibus  non  negat.  2.  In  eo 
bello  aut  in  acie  cadendum,  aut  in  aliquas  insidias  incidendum, 
aut  deveniendum  in  victoris  manus,  aut  ad  Iubam  confu¬ 
giendum. 

1.  The  Roman  people  hate  private  luxury  as  much  as  they 
admire  public  magnificence. 

Vocabulary 

I.  blessing:  bonum.  to  misbehave:  corrumpi. 

II.  spear:  hasta.  from  a  distance:  eminus. 

at  close  quarters:  cominus.  to  take  advantage:  uti. 

References.  Potts,  pp.  50,  68. 


LESSON  L 

PRONOMINAL  CONNECTION  OF  SENTENCES 

Unus  Sulla  victoriam  diutius  tenuit;  quem  imitaturus  non  sum: 

Sulla  was  the  only  one  to  maintain  his  victory  for  some  length  of  time ;  but 
I  am  not  going  to  imitate  him. 

When  demonstrative  pronouns  refer  to  a  word  just  men¬ 
tioned,  they  are  placed  as  early  in  the  sentence  as  possible; 
this  helps  to  carry  the  principal  thought  of  the  preceding  sen¬ 
tence  over  into  the  next  and  hold  it  prominent  before  the 
reader’s  mind. 

Besides,  the  demonstrative  pronoun  is  often  changed  to  the 
relative,  a  change  which  renders  the  use  of  further  connectives 
superfluous.  Thus, 

Qui  may  stand  for  et  is,  and  he. 

nam  is,  for  he. 
is  autem,  but  he. 
is  igitur,  he  therefore. 
is  tamen,  yet  he. 

ILLUSTRATIONS 

Exercitum  tuum  omnibus  rebus  ornabo;  cuius  rei  turn  tern- 
pus  erit,  cum  ipse  adveneris:  I  will  furnish  your  troops  with 
all  necessaries;  however,  there  will  be  time  for  that  after  your 
own  arrival. 


74 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


Oculorum  est  in  nobis  sensus  acerrimus;  quibus  sapientiam 
non  cernimus:  Sight  is  our  keenest  sense;  and  yet  we  cannot 
see  wisdom  by  means  of  it. 

Est  in  manibus  laudatio;  quam  cum  legimus,  quem  phi¬ 
losophum  non  contemnimus  ?  His  funeral  speech  is  in  every¬ 
one's  hands.  When  we  read  this  eulogy,  how  contemptible  all 
philosophy  appears  to  us! 

Ligarius  legatus  in  Africam  profectus  est:  qua  in  legatione  et 
civibus  et  sociis  maxime  se  probavit:  Ligarius  went  as  lieu¬ 
tenant  to  Africa.  As  such  (In  this  capacity)  he  won  the  esteem 
alike  of  citizens  and  allies. 


EXERCISE 

1.  This  war  is  bound  to  arouse  your  interest,  because  the 
prestige  of  the  Roman  people  depends  on  it.  2.  Much  against 
his  will,  he  accepted  (the  governorship  of)  Africa;  nevertheless, 
his  administration  of  that  province  was  excellent.  3.  Gorgias 
reached  an  age  of  one  hundred  and  seven  years.  When  the 
question  was  put  to  him,  why  he  desired  to  live  so  long,  he  re¬ 
plied:  “ Because  I  have  no  fault  to  find  with  old  age.”  4.  “This 
reminds  me  of  .  .  .” 

Vocabulary 

I  am  bound:  debeo.  interest:  animus. 

prestige:  gloria.  to  depend  upon:  agi  in. 

administration:  praeesse.  to  reach:  complere. 

to  find  fault:  accusare. 


Note 

For  phrases  of  transition,  see  Lesson  39,  Note. 


LESSON  LI 

ASYNDETON 

Co-ordination  or  Parataxis  is  that  arrangement  of  a  complex 
sentence  in  which  two  or  more  clauses  are  placed  side  by  side, 
without  losing  their  grammatical  independence. 

The  most  conspicuous  case  of  Parataxis  is  the  Asyndeton, 
i.  e.  the  joining  together  of  sentences  without  the  use  of  con¬ 
nective  particles. 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


75 


Veni,  vidi,  vici: 

I  came,  saw  and  conquered. 

Vincere  scis,  victoria  uti  nescis: 

You  know  how  to  conquer,  hut  you  don't  know  how  to  take  advantage  of 
your  victories. 

Asyndeta  are  used  with  good  effect  in  sketching  rapid  events, 
or  in  contrasting  two  ideas. 

EXERCISES 

1.  The  copulative  asyndeton. 

1.  Quid  quoque  die  dixerim  audierim  egerim,  commemoro 
vesperi.  2.  Abiit  excessit,  evasit  erupit.  3.  Peroravit  ali¬ 
quando;  assedit;  surrexi  ego;  respirare  visus  est  quod  non  alius 
potius  diceret;  coepi  dicere.  4.  Hominem  sine  re,  sine  fide,  sine 
spe,  sine  sede,  sine  fortunis,  ore,  lingua,  manu,  vita  omni  in¬ 
quinatum.  5.  Messala  consul  est  egregius,  fortis,  constans, 
diligens,  nostri  laudator,  amator,  imitator. 

II.  The  adversative  asyndeton. 

1.  Tribuni  purgant  plebem,  culpam  in  patres  vertunt. 

2.  Consulatus  ei  eripi  non  potest,  vita  potest.  3.  Temeritas 
est  florentis  aetatis,  prudentia  maturae  senectutis.  4.  Unum 
sustinere  pauci  possunt,  utrumque  nemo. 

1.  Boys  can  do  this,  and  men  will  be  unequal  to  the  task? 

2.  Enjoy  this  blessing  while  you  have  it,  but  do  not  wish  it 
back  when  it  is  gone. 

III.  The  explicative  asyndeton. 

1.  Romani  supplicium  in  parricidas  singulare  excogitarunt: 
insui  voluerunt  in  culeum  vivos  atque  ita  in  flumen  deici. 

2.  Here  belong  sentences  of  the  kind  analyzed  in  Lesson  47,  4. 

IV.  The  disjunctive  asyndeton. 

1.  Velit  nolit:  Whether  he  will  or  no. 

2.  Aperte  tecte:  Whether  openly  or  covertly. 

Notes 

1.  Caesar,  B.  G.,  V,  40,  affords  an  excellent  model  of  asyndetic  writing. 
See  also  Cic.  Verres,  IV,  112,  where  asyndeta  are  combined  with 
polysyndeta. 


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AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


2.  Par  atactic  Conditional  Clauses.  Sentences  like  the  following: 

Recordare  illum  diem:  iam  (or  tum)  intelleges: 

Remember  that  day ,  and  you  will  understand , 

are  disguised  conditional  clauses.  The  asyndeton  is,  therefore,  only  ap¬ 
parent. 

Lege  orationem:  dices: 

Read  the  speech,  and  you  will  say. 

Importunus  amat  laudari,  donec  “  Ohe  iam  ” 

Ad  caelum  manibus  sublatis  dixerit,  urge: 

If  he  have  an  insatiate  thirst  for  praise,  just  ply  him  with  it,  until  he 
throws  up  his  hands  to  heaven,  and  cries  out:  “  Enough ,  enough .” 


LESSON  LII 

THE  SIMPLE  PERIOD 

The  word  “  period  ”  is  often  taken  in  a  wider  sense  as  a  struc¬ 
ture  in  which  one  main  clause  has  one  or  several  other  clauses 
subordinated  to  it.  In  a  more  technical  sense,  a  period  is  a 
carefully  constructed  sentence  of  some  length  with  suspense 
kept  up  until  the  end. 

The  simplest  period  is  a  combination  of  one  subordinate 
and  one  main  clause.  Three  points  should  here  be  noticed. 

1.  There  are  various  ways  of  arranging  the  clauses. 

A.  The  subordinate  clause  (a)  precedes  the  principal  (A) : 

Si  ignis  est  animus,  exstinguetur:  (a:  A) 

If  the  soul  is  fire,  it  will  one  day  be  quenched. 

B.  The  subordinate  clause  is  inserted: 

Pedites,  si  quid  erat  durius,  concurrebant:  (A  (a)  A) 

If  any  unusual  difficulty  occurred,  the  infantry  would  hasten  to  the  rescue 

C.  The  subordinate  clause  follows  the  principal: 

Non  abest  suspicio,  quin  Orgetorix  ipse  sibi  mortem  consciverit:  (A:  a) 

There  is  a  suspicion  that  Orgetorix  took  his  own  life. 

D.  The  principal  clause  is  inserted:  (a (A) a) 

Illorum  vides  quam  niteat  oratio: 

You  see  how  elegantly  they  write. 

Ego  hoc  nondum  adducor  ut  faciam: 

I  cannot  yet  bring  myself  to  do  this. 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


77 


2.  The  subject  or  object,  whenever  common  to  both  clauses, 
is  usually  placed  outside  the  subordinate  one. 

Hostes,  cum  sibi  delegissent  campum,  hunc  insidiis  circumdederunt: 

When  the  enemy  had  chosen  a  place  for  their  camp ,  they  surrounded  it 
with  ambuscades. 

Pompeius  Cretensibus,  cum  ad  eum  legatum  misissent,  obsides  imperavit: 

When  the  Cretans  sent  an  embassy  to  Pompey ,  he  ordered  them  to  furnish 
hostages. 

3.  In  presenting  a  succession  of  clauses,  all  having  certain 
words  in  common,  Cicero  likes  to  crowd  the  words  that  are 
common  into  the  first  part  of  the  sentence. 

Ad  hanc  te  amentiam  /natura  peperit,  voluntas  exercuit,  fortuna  servavit: 

For  this  madness  nature  has  endowed  you  with  the  disposition,  your 
( indomitable )  will  has  developed  it,  while  fortune  has  preserved  you. 

A  nullius  unquam  me  tempore /aut  otium  meum  abstraxit,  aut  voluptas 
avocavit,  aut  somnus  retardavit: 

Never  have  my  leisure  moments  withdrawn  me  from  the  needs  of  any 
fellow  man;  neither  has  pleasure  ever  called  me  aside  from  them  nor 
even  sleep  prevented  me. 


EXERCISES 

1.  a  :  A.  I  will  relate  what  has  happened.  2.  A  (a)  A:  Re¬ 
gulus  refused  to  vote.  3.  A  :  a.  I  have  no  fault  to  find  with  old 
age.  4.  a  (A)  a.  I  fear  this  thing  will  come  to  pass. 

1.  When  the  Persians  saw  Alcibiades  beyond  the  reach  of  the 
flames,  they  shot  him  down  from  a  distance.  2.  As  Caesar  had 
decided  to  winter  on  the  Continent,  he  ordered  the  Britons  to 
furnish  hostages.  3.  Being  unable  to  make  a  defence,  the 
Aeduans  sent  an  embassy.  4.  When  the  Romans  wished  to 
sentence  Coriolanus,  he  failed  to  appear  in  court. 

Vocabulary 

I  refuse:  recuso  ne.  I  vote:  sententiam  dico. 

to  find  fault:  accusare.  beyond  the  reach:  effugisse. 

to  shoot  down:  telis  interficere.  from  a  distance:  eminus. 

to  decide:  constituere.  to  appear:  comparere. 

References.  Hale  and  Buck,  630;  Potts,  pp.  77,  79,  82.  R.  W. 
Tunstall,  on  Cic.  Cat.  I  25. 


78 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


LESSON  LIII 

ELIMINATING  ENGLISH  SUBORDINATE  CLAUSES 

His  rebus  adductus  tacui: 

Such  considerations  led  me  to  hold  my  peace. 

Diu  recusans  nihil  profecit: 

He  refused  a  long  time ,  but  to  no  avail: 

Mea  voce  perterritus  ivit  in  exsilium: 

It  is  I  who  have  frightened  him  into  exile. 

Ordinarily,  an  English  subordinate  clause  will  find  its  count¬ 
erpart  in  a  Latin  subordinate  clause.  Sometimes,  however,  it 
may  be  convenient  to  eliminate  the  English  subordinate  clause 
(under  which  term  are  here  included  infinitives)  by  changing  it 
to  the  main  clause  in  Latin. 

ILLUSTRATIONS 

Nondum  tempestivo  ad  navigandum  mari  Pompeius  Siciliam 
adiit:  The  sea  was  hardly  fit  for  navigation  when  Pompey 
went  to  Sicily. 

Hoc  cum  dolore  dico:  I  am  sorry  to  say  this. 

Cicero  spe  pacis  adductus  ad  optimates  accessit:  Hope  of 
peace  led  Cicero  to  side  with  the  aristocrats. 

Rhenus,  in  plures  partes  ubi  diffluxit,  in  Oceanum  influit: 
The  Rhine  branches  off  into  several  channels  before  it  empties 
into  the  ocean. 

Sine  sensu  nascimur:  We  are  unconscious  at  our  birth. 

EXERCISES 

1.  Pity  prompted  me  to  do  this.  2.  He  was  so  frightened 
that  he  could  not  utter  a  word.  3.  The  forces  of  the  king  were 
dispersed  never  to  reassemble. 

Vocabulary 

not  to  utter  a  uwrd:  conticesco,  -cui,  3. 
to  reassemble:  sese  colligere. 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


79 


Note 

We  sometimes  use  the  infinitive  with  to  to  denote  an  actual,  though  not 
intended,  result.  In  Latin,  such  infinitives  are  eliminated  by  the  periodic 
structure  of  the  whole  sentence. 

“  Of  the  remnant  all  but  a  few  returned  only  to  die  ”  ( Froude ): 

Reliqui  omnes,  paucis  exceptis,  ex  bello  reversi  paullo  post  sunt  mortui. 
That  day  the  people  of  Ephesus  awoke  to  see  the  temple  of  Diana  destroyed  by 
fire: 

Eo  die  mane  Ephesii  cum  surrexissent  templum  Dianae  viderunt  igni 
esse  deletum. 


LESSON  LIV 

CLAUSES  WHICH  PRECEDE  THE  PRINCIPAL  VERB 

The  following  clauses  usually  precede  the  principal  verb : 

STRICTLY  FINAL:  Hannibal,  ne  alieno  arbitrio  vitam  dimitteret,  ve¬ 
nenum  sumpsit: 

Being  unwilling  to  part  with  his  life  at  another’s 
beck ,  Hannibal  took  poison. 

CONDITIONAL:  Si  quis  ita  agit,  imprudens  est: 

If  one  acts  thus,  he  is  imprudent. 

CONCESSIVE:  Ut  desint  vires,  tamen  est  laudanda  voluntas: 

Granted  that  strength  be  lacking,  nevertheless  I  de¬ 
serve  credit  for  my  good  will. 

Cum  id  posset  infitiari,  confessus  est: 

Although  he  could  deny,  yet  he  confessed. 

CAUSAL:  Quia  Athenis  tutus  non  erat,  Corcyram  profectus 
est: 

Not  being  safe  at  Athens,  he  went  to  Corcyra. 

TEMPORAL:  Postquam  haec  dixit,  profectus  est: 

Saying  this  (With  this),  he  went  away. 

Quoniam  studium  meae  defensionis  reprehen¬ 
sum  est,  antequam  pro  Murena  dicere  in¬ 
stituo,  pro  me  ipso  pauca  dicam: 

Since  I  have  been  criticized  for  my  zealous  defence,  I 
will  first  make  a  few  personal  remarks  and 
then  proceed  to  speak  on  behalf  of  Murena. 

COMPARATIVE:  Ut  sementem  feceris,  ita  metes: 

You  will  reap  as  you  have  sown. 

Ubi  tyrannus  est,  ibi  plane  nulla  est  res  publica: 

A  free  republic  ( government )  is  impossible,  where- 
ever  a  tyrant  rules  the  land. 

Quot  capita  tot  sententiae: 

Many  men,  many  minds. 

References.  Arnold-Bradley,  Introd.,  103-107. 


80 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


LESSON  LV 

CLAUSES  WHICH  FOLLOW  THE  PRINCIPAL  VERB 

The  following  clauses  usually  follow  the  principal  verb:  . 

INDIRECT  QUESTIONS:  Quaero,  quis  hoc  fecerit: 

I  want  to  know  who  is  responsible  for  this. 

RESULT  CLAUSES:  Saepe  fit,  ut  homines  fallantur: 

Man  is  often  deceived. 

SUBSTANTIVE  FINAL:  (introduced  by  ut,  ne,  quin,  quominus, 

quo): 

after  verbs  of  acting: 

Sol  efficit,  ut  omnia  floreant: 

The  sun  makes  all  nature  bloom. 

after  verbs  of  caring: 

Enitendum  est,  ut  vincamus: 

W e  must  make  an  effort  to  win. 

after  verbs  of  commanding: 

Impero  tibi,  ut  abeas: 

I  order  you  to  leave. 

after  verbs  of  permitting: 

Permitto,  ut  redeat: 

I  allow  him  to  return. 

after  verbs  of  saying: 

Dixit  ei,  ut  iter  noctu  faceret: 

He  told  him  to  travel  by  night. 

after  verbs  of  fearing. 

Vereor,  ne  mihi  irascaris: 

I  fear  you  will  be  angry  with  me. 

after  verbs  of  hindering: 

Non  recusavit,  quominus  poenam  subiret: 

He  did  not  refuse  to  submit  to  the  punish¬ 
ment. 

RELATIVE  CLAUSES  usually  follow  the  word  to  which  they  are 

related,  the  Antecedent. 

Pater,  qui  profectus  erat,  rediit: 

The  father,  who  had  gone  away,  has  returned. 

Omnes  eo  convenerunt,  quo  praedictum 
erat: 

All  assembled  at  the  appointed  place. 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


81 


Note 

Quisque  is  drawn,  if  possible,  into  the  relative  clause,  which  in  that  case 
usually  precedes. 

Quam  quisque  norit  artem,  in  hac  se  exerceat: 

Let  each  man  ply  the  trade  of  which  he  is  master. 

Quod  cuique  datum  est,  eo  (quisque)  debet  esse  contentus: 

Each  one  should  be  satisfied  with  what  has  been  given  him. 

References.  Potts,  p.  64. 


LESSON  LVI 

EMPHATIC  POSITION  OF  CLAUSES 

The  arrangement  of  clauses  is  subject  to  the  same  rules  as 
the  arrangement  of  words  in  a  sentence.  Accordingly,  a  de¬ 
parture  from  the  usual  order  is  permissible,  or  even  necessary, 
whenever  considerations  of  emphasis  or  euphony  require  it. 
It  is  not  always  possible  in  the  translation  to  bring  out  the  full 
force  of  the  original. 

Quo  me  vertam,  nescio: 

I  am  in  a  distressing  dilemma. 

Quocunque  aspexi,  nihil  est  nisi  mortis  imago: 

(Ovid  writing  from  his  exile) :  As  far  as  eye  can  reach ,  I  see  nothing  but 
images  of  death. 

Ut  possim,  facit  acta  vita: 

That  I  still  can  (do  these  things  despite  my  old  age),  is  due  to  the  life  Fve 
led. 

Causa  quae  sit,  videtis;  nunc,  quid  agendum  sit,  considerate: 

Such  is  the  situation  before  us;  now  for  the  ways  and  means  of  dealing 
with  it. 

Id  ne  accideret,  magnopere  sibi  praecavendum  Caesar  existimavit: 

To  avert  such  a  calamity,  Caesar  felt  it  necessary  to  take  vigorous  measures. 

Si  factum  est,  quin  contra  legem  sit,  nemo  dubitare  potest: 

If  it  has  occurred ,  it  is  undoubtedly  illegal. 

Videmus,  qui  oratores  evadere  non  potuerint,  eos  ad  iuris  studium  devenire : 

Experience  shows  that  such  as  do  not  succeed  on  the  platform  finally 
land  in  the  law  business. 

Ego  ad  quos  scribam,  nescio: 

I  don’t  know  to  whom  to  write. 

Proposita  morte  qui  nihilo  segnius  rem  publicam  defendit,  is  vir  vere  di¬ 
cendus  est: 

He  deserves  the  name  of  a  true  man  who  in  the  face  of  death  itself  stands 
up  for  the  national  interest. 

References.  Potts,  p.  67. 


82 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


LESSON  LVII 

TYPES  OF  SENTENCE  STRUCTURE 

More  complicated  forms  of  sentence  structure  arise  when 
two  or  more  clauses  are  made  dependent  on  one  main  sentence. 
Here  many  varieties  of  arranging  the  clauses  are  conceivable. 
Generally  speaking,  the  rules  governing  the  position  of  sub¬ 
ordinate  clauses  (see  Lessons  54  and  55)  are  to  be  observed, 
unless  euphony  or  special  emphasis  requires  a  change  from 
the  usual  order. 

Let  A  stand  for  the  principal  sentence;  a,  b,  c,  for  the  clauses 
directly  depending  on  A;  a,  (3,  y }  for  the  clauses  directly  de¬ 
pending  on  a,  b,  c. 


ILLUSTRATIONS 

a/  a/ A/: 

Qualis  esset  natura  montis/'  qui  cognoscerent/'  misit: 

Ile  seni  a  party  to  reconnoitre  the  hill 

A  /a/ a  / : 

Quaero/  quis  imperaverit/  ut  impetus  fieret: 

I  want  to  know  who  ordered  the  attack. 

a/'b/'A/': 

Cur  nolint/  etiamsi  taceant/  satis  dicunt: 

Despite  their  silence,  they  sufficiently  indicate  the  reason  of  their 
unwillingness. 

b/a/A/: 

Ne  ignores/  quid  ego  in  tuis  litteris  desiderarim/  scribam 
aperte: 

To  make  sure  that  you  will  know  just  what  I  have  missed  in  your 
letter,  I  am  going  to  write  frankly. 

EXERCISES 

1.  b/ a/A/:  If  it  has  been  done,  it  is  undoubtedly  illegal. 
(Undoubtedly:  nemo  dubitare  potest.  Illegal:  contra  legem.) 

2.  b/A/a/:  As  they  could  not  prevail  upon  the  people, 
they  sent  an  embassy  to  Dumnorix  in  order  to  obtain  their  re¬ 
quest  through  his  mediation.  (The  people:  his.  To  obtain 
one’s  request:  impetrare.  Mediation:  deprecator.) 

3.  K/ a/b/A/ :  When  Pausanias  learned  that  the  pris¬ 
oners  he  had  taken  at  Byzantium  were  relatives  of  the  king,  he 
sent  them  to  him.  (Let  A  be:  Pausanias  .  .  .  misit.) 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


83 


4.  A /a//? /ol/ a/ :  They  allow  traders  to  visit  them  in  or¬ 
der  to  get  customers  for  their  booty.  (Begin  with:  mercatori¬ 
bus  est  aditus.  Booty:  quae  bello  ceperunt.  Customer:  cui 
vendant.) 

5.  A/a/b/A/:  Alco  went  by  night  to  Hannibal,  but 
when  tears  were  of  no  avail,  he  remained  with  the  enemy. 
(Main  sentence:  Alco  mansit.  To  be  of  no  avail:  nihil  movere.) 

6.  A/a/b/A/ :  When  people  in  a  critical  state  of  health 
are  tossed  about  with  a  high  fever,  they  seem  to  find  relief  in  a 
drink  of  cold  water.  (In  a  critical  state  of  health :  aeger  morbo 
gravi.  High  fever:  see  Lesson  41.  To  find  relief :  relevari.  A 
drink  of  .  .  .:  render  by  a  si-clause.) 

References.  Naegelsbach,  Lat.  Stilistik,  §  152;  C.  L.  Meader,  in 
Transact.  Am.  Phil.  Assoc.,  Yol.  XXXVI,  p.  32. 

LESSON  LVIII 

RELATIVE  IN  COMBINATION  WITH  OTHER  CLAUSES 

Relative  clauses  readily  permit  clauses  of  a  different  kind 
to  enter  their  structure  and  blend  with  them. 

1.  With  an  Accusative  and  Infinitive. 

Nihil  dico,  in  quo  putem  aliquid  doloris  esse: 

I  say  nothing  which  I  think  may  give  the  least  pain. 

2.  With  another  Relative  Pronoun. 

Id  bonum  solum  est,  quo  qui  potiatur  necesse  est  beatus  sit: 

That  alone  is  good  the  possession  of  which  cannot  but  bring  happiness. 

3.  With  an  Indirect  Question. 

Qua  terra  persequar  eum,  qui  ubi  sit  nescio: 

Where  shall  I  pursue  one  of  whose  whereabouts  I  am  ignorant? 

4.  With  a  Conjunctional  Clause. 

Nihil  dico,  in  quo  vereor  ne  quid  doloris  sit: 

I  say  nothing  which  I  am  afraid  may  give  pain. 

Note 

‘  The  awkwardness  or  impossibility  of  a  literal  translation  may  generally 
be  relieved  by  the  substitution  of  a  demonstrative  with  an  appropriate  con¬ 
junction,  or  the  employment  of  an  abstract  noun.” — Gildersleeve-Lodge, 

L.  G.,  600. 


84 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


EXERCISES 

1.  Victus  est  ab  eo,  quem  si  vicisset,  habuisset  impunitatem 
sempiternam.  2.  Eius  mortis  sedetis  ultores,  cuius  vitam,  si 
putetis  per  vos  restitui  posse,  nolitis.  3.  Epicurus  non  satis 
politus  est  iis  artibus,  quas  qui  tenent  eruditi  appellantur. 
4.  Nunquam  satis  philosophia  laudari  potest,  cui  qui  pareat, 
aetatem  sine  molestia  possit  degere.  5.  Statum  rerum  com¬ 
munium  ab  amico  cognosces,  quae  quales  sint  non  facile  est 
scribere.  6.  Omnia  Romae  erant  suspensa  propter  exspectatio¬ 
nem  legatorum,  qui  quid  egissent,  nihildum  nuntiabatur. 
7.  Fient  ea,  quae  tu  ne  accidant  ut  caveamus  mones.  8.  Nunc 
video  calcem,  ad  quam  cum  sit  decursum,  nihil  est  praeterea 
extimescendum.  9.  Quis  in  eo  praetore  consul  fortis  fuisset, 
per  quem  tribunum  virtutem  consularem  crudelissime  vexatam 
esse  meminisset? 

1.  His  funeral  speech  is  well-known;  its  reading  fills  us  with 
contempt  for  all  philosophers.  2.  Whom  (Plato)  I  know  you 
esteem  very  highly.  3.  I  follow  a  friend  whom  I  know  to  be 
prudent.  4.  I  am  even  more  wretched  than  you  whom  I  know 
to  be  very  wretched.  5.  I  will  tell  you  by  word  of  mouth  what 
tears  prevent  me  from  putting  down  in  writing.  6.  You  have 
borne  hardships  which  every  one  would  be  glad  to  escape. 
7.  The  crown  is  now  offered  to  Caesar,  and  he  must  be  a  fool 
not  to  accept  it.  8.  Which  (grief)  defies  adequate  expression. 
9.  “  It  is  a  duty  which  I  shall  never  forgive  myself  if  I  decline.” 

Vocabulary 

funeral  speech:  laudatio.  by  word  of  mouth:  coram. 

crown:  omnia  {euphemism).  to  defy  expression:  dici  non  potest. 

adequate:  quantus  sit.  to  decline:  deesse  (officio) 

Note 

The  sentence:  “  At  present  Antonius  demands  things  which  we  cannot 
by  any  possibility  grant  unless  we  are  willing  first  to  confess  ourselves  de¬ 
feated  in  war  ”  (Cic.  Phil.,  XII,  5  :  10)  may  be  rendered: 

Nunc  Antonius  ea  petit,  quae  dare  nullo  modo  possumus,  nisi  prius 
volumus  bello  nos  victos  confiteri,  or,  briefly  and  in  a  different  context: 

Nunc  Antonius  ea  petit,  quae  si  damus,  bello  victos  nos  confitemur. 
(See  Naegelsbach,  Stilistik,  §§  164,  165.) 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


85 


LESSON  LIX 

A  COMBINATION  OF  QUESTIONS 


Uter  utri  praeferendus  est? 

Which  (of  the  two )  is  the  better f 

Quantae  quotiens  occasiones  fuerunt! 

How  many  splendid  opportunities  there  have  been! 

In  Latin,  a  combination  of  questions  (exclamations)  may  be 
effected  by  drawing  two  or  more  interrogative  (exclamatory) 
sentences,  whether  director  indirect,  into  the  same  grammatical 
structure. 

EXERCISES 

1.  Quot,  quantas,  quam  incredibiles  Pompeius  hausit  calami¬ 
tates.  2.  Quas  res  incredibile  est,  quam  brevi  tempore  quanto 
deteriores  offensurus  sis  quam  reliquisti.  3.  Videmus,  quibus 
exstinctis  oratoribus  quam  in  paucis  sit  spes.  4.  Diiudicari  non 
poterat,  uter  utri  virtute  anteferendus  videretur.  5.  Nepos 
narrat,  quem  et  ex  quanto  regno  ad  quam  fortunam  Timoleon 
detulisset. 

1.  Consider  whom  you  defend  in  this  manner.  2.  What 
Latin  authors  have  you  read  and  what  Greek  writers  are  you 
going  to  take  up  next?  3.  In  his  speech  on  Pompey’s  Military 
Command,  Cicero  shows  what  sort  of  man  he  must  be  that 
would  put  an  end  to  so  important  a  war,  as  well  as  what  virtues 
he  must  possess  and  what  vices  avoid. 

Vocabulary 

to  take  up  next:  transire  ad. 

to  put  an  end  to:  conficere,  finem  imponere. 

Note 

Another  point  of  Latin  idiom  in  the  matter  of  questions  appears  from 
sentences  in  which  interrogative  particles  are  used  side  by  side  with 
conjunctions. 

Veniamus  in  forum.  Sessum  it  praetor.  Quid  ut  iudicetur?  Let  us  go 

into  the  forum.  The  praetor  takes  his  seat.  What  question  has  he  to  settle  f 

Sine  ulla  sede  vagi  dimicassemus,  ut  quo  victores  nos  reciperemus? 
Roaming  about  without  a  fixed  encampment,  we  should  have  fought  not  know¬ 
ing  whither  to  retreat  in  the  event  of  victory. 


86 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


LESSON  LX 

LATIN  HAS  AN  EXCEPTIONAL  APTITUDE  FOR  PERIODIC 

WRITING 

HISTORICAL  PERIODS 

Periods  are  divided  into  Historical  and  Oratorical.  The 
former  aim  at  the  appropriate  grouping  around  one  central 
thought  of  a  number  of  subordinate  clauses  (or  groups  of  words 
equivalent  to  clauses)  which  follow  one  another  in  the  order  of 
time  in  which  the  events  occurred. 

ILLUSTRATIONS 

Caesar ,  cum  animadvertisset  timorem  Germanorum  omnem  exercitum 
occupavisse,  convocato  consilio  centuriones  vehementer  incusavit: 

When  Caesar  noticed  that  the  fear  of  the  Germans  had  overpowered  his 
whole  army,  he  called  a  meeting  of  the  centurions  in  which  he  rated  them 
roundly,  or: 

Caesar  saw  that  the  fear  of  the  Germans  had  overpowered  his  whole  army. 
He  therefore  called  a  meeting  of  the  centurions  in  which  he  severely  took  them 
to  task. 

* 

Latin  periods  often  require  to  be  broken  up  in  the  translation. 

Caesar,  etsi  principum  Britanniae  consilia  nondum  cogno¬ 
verat,  tamen  id  quod  accidit  fore  suspicabatur:  Caesar  was  not 
yet  aware  of  the  plans  of  the  British  chiefs;  nevertheless,  he 
guessed  what  was  coming. 

Caesar,  etsi  intellegebat  qua  de  causa  ea  dicerentur,  tamen, 
ne  aestatem  in  Treveris  consumeret,  omnibus  ad  Britannicum 
bellum  comparatis  Indutiomarum  ad  se  cum  ducentis  obsidibus 
venire  iussit :  Caesar  saw  through  the  motive  that  dictated  these 
words.  However,  as  his  preparations  for  a  campaign  in  Britain 
were  complete,  he  was  not  willing  to  waste  the  winter  in  the 
district  of  the  Treveri.  So  he  sent  word  to  Indutiomarus  to 
report  with  two  hundred  hostages. 

Athenienses,  cum  statuerent,  ut  urbe  relicta  naves  con¬ 
scenderent,  Cyrsilum  quendam  suadentem,  ut  in  urbe  manerent, 
lapidibus  obruerunt:  The  Athenians  concluded  to  leave  the 
city  and  embark,  and  when  a  man  by  the  name  of  Cyrsilus 
advised  them  to  stay,  they  stoned  him  to  death. 

References.  For  further  illustrations,  see  Potts,  75.  Also,  84-87-100. 
On  the  limitations  to  the  employment  of  the  period,  see  Potts,  100-107. 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


87 


LESSON  LXI 

VARIETY  COMBINED  WITH  UNITY 

In  rendering  a  Latin  period  graceful,  Unity  of  Subject  and  a 
certain  pleasing  Variety  of  Clauses  are  the  most  important 
factors.  Fixing  the  subject  of  the  period  and  keeping  it 
throughout  will  sometimes  require  great  care. 

Caesar,  primum  suo,  deinde  omnium  ex  conspectu  remotis  equis,  ut, 
aequato  omnium  periculo,  spem  fugae  tolleret,  cohortatus  suos,  proelium 
commisit. 

Caesar  had  first  his  own  horse  and  then  the  horses  of  his  officers  taken  out  of 
sight.  The  danger  was  to  be  equal  for  all.  All  hope  of  flight  was  to  be 
abandoned.  There  followed  an  address,  and  the  battle  began.  (B.  G.,  I,  25.) 

EXERCISES 

1.  The  consul  Gnaeus  Servilius  had  engaged  the  Gauls  in 
several  light  encounters  when  he  heard  of  the  murder  of  his 
colleague.  He  at  once  began  to  entertain  fears  for  the  city  of 
Rome,  and  as  he  would  not  be  absent  in  the  critical  moment,  he 
turned  about  and  marched  back  cityward. 

2.  After  a  stirring  address  to  the  tenth  legion,  Caesar  hurried 
off  to  the  right  wing.  Here  his  troops  were  hard  pressed.  The 
twelfth  legion,  whose  standards  were  closely  massed,  was  all 
crowded  together,  so  that  the  combatants  stood  in  each  other’s 
way.  The  centurions  of  the  fourth  cohort,  as  well  as  its  stand¬ 
ard  bearer,  were  dead.  The  standard  itself  was  lost.  Almost 
all  the  centurions  of  the  other  cohorts  were  either  killed  or 
wounded.  Caesar  took  in  the  situation ,  and  snatching  from 
a  soldier  in  the  rear  a  shield — for  he  himself  had  come  up  with¬ 
out  one — stepped  forward  into  the  front  rank,  and  calling  the 
centurions  by  name,  encouraged  the  men  and  bade  them 
advance. 

(The  principal  clause  should  be:  Caesar,  .  .  .  ubi  vidit  .  .  . 
[there  follow  Ablatives  Absolute]  .  .  .  processit  in  primam 
aciem.) 

References.  See  Potts,  72  sqq. 

Notes 

1.  Periodic  writing  may,  of  course,  be  overdone.  It  is  always  a  fault, 
if  clearness  is  thereby  sacrificed. 

2.  The  detached  style  or  asyndetic  paragraph  writing  is  not  uncommon 
in  Caesar’s  Commentaries  on  the  Gallic  War,  e.  g.,  VII,  89.  Such  chapters 


88 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


read  like  brief  memorandums  or  note-book  entries.  See  also  the  account 
of  “  The  Assassination  of  Clodius,”  by  Cicero,  in  the  Appendix. 

3.  The  great  model  of  the  classic  historical  period  is  Livy.  His  period 
in  XXVIII,  13  :  15,  is  remarkable  for  the  perfect  lucidity  which  reigns 
throughout  despite  the  mass  of  detail  presented  in  a  few  lines.  For  the 
study  of  Livy,  see  Naylor:  Latin  and  English  Idiom,  An  Object  Lesson 
from  Livy’s  Preface. 


LESSON  LXII 

HISTORICAL  AND  ORATORICAL  PERIODS  CONTRASTED 

An  Historical  Period  aims  to  bring  out  boldly  by  means  of  a 
principal  sentence  an  historical  event  which  is  important  in  the 
writer’s  mind.  Around  this  is  grouped  a  number  of  smaller 
events  which  are  expressed  by  means  of  participles,  infinitives 
or  subordinate  clauses.  This  arrangement  makes  for  logical 
unity  combined  with  a  certain  amount  of  variety. 

An  Oratorical  Period  is  more  ambitious  and  consciously  aims 
at  an  artistic  effect.  Here  the  dominant  purpose  of  the  writer 
(or  speaker)  is  to  gain  the  sympathy  of  the  reader  (or  his  audi¬ 
ence)  and  keep  their  interest  in  his  cause  sustained  through¬ 
out.  Hence  the  frequent  display  of  all  sorts  of  rhetorical  de¬ 
vices,  such  as  questions,  exclamations,  ellipses,  parentheses, 
anacolutha,  and  other  figures  of  speech. 

HISTORICAL.  Caesar,  B.  G.,  VI,  31  :  5. 

Catuvolcus,  rex  dimidiae  partis  Eburonum,  qui  una  cum  Ambiorige  con¬ 
silium  inierat,  aetate  iam  confectus,  cum  laborem  belli  aut  fugae  ferre  non 
posset,  omnibus  precibus  detestatus  Ambiorigem,  qui  eius  consilii  auctor 
fuisset,  taxo-cuius  magna  in  Gallia  Germaniaque  copia  est, — se  exani¬ 
mavit. 

Catuvolcus ,  king  of  one-half  of  the  Eburones ,  had  joined  Ambiorix  in  his 
enterprise.  As  he  was  now  worn  out  with  age  and  unable  to  stand  the  hard¬ 
ships  of  either  campaign  or  flight,  he  heaped  every  possible  curse  upon  Am¬ 
biorix,  the  prime  mover  of  the  enterprise,  and  then  poisoned  himself  with  yew — 
a  plant  which  grows  in  abundance  both  in  Gaul  and  in  Germany. 

ORATORICAL.  Cicero,  Cat.  I,  13  :  31. 

UT  saepe  homines  aegri  gravi  morbo,  cum  aestu  febrique  iactantur,  si 
aquam  gelidam  biberunt,  primo  relevari  videntur,  deinde  multo  gravius 
vehementiusque  afflictantur:  SIC  hic  morbus,  qui  est  in  re  publica,  rele¬ 
vatus  istius  poena,  vehementius  reliquis  vivis  ingravescet. 


AIDS  TO  LATIN  COMPOSITION 


89 


Not  infrequently,  when  people  in  a  critical  state  of  health  are  tossed  about 
in  bed  with  a  high  fever,  they  at  first  seem  to  find  relief  in  a  drink  of  cold  water; 
but  the  relapse  they  suffer  is  even  more  dangerous  and  violent.  Just  so  has  this 
disease  with  which  the  Republic  is  at  present  afflicted  been  somewhat  relieved 
by  the  punishment  of  Catiline,  only,  I  am  sure,  to  get  worse  and  worse  if  his 
accomplices  are  spared . 


Notes 

1.  Cicero  avoids  the  periodic  style  when  the  quiet  flow  of  a  period  would 
but  inadequately  express  the  sudden  burst  of  his  emotion,  as  in  the  opening 
paragraphs  of  the  first  Catilinarian,  or  when  the  formality  of  that  style 
would  interfere  with  the  easy,  familiar  chatting  preferred  in  dialogue  or 
letter. 

2.  Historical  periods  are  intercalary  (enthetic),  because  the  various 
items  are  inserted  in  their  proper  place  between  subject  and  predicate. 
Oratorical  periods  are  responsive  (apodotic),  because  in  them  a  protasis  is 
followed  by  an  apodosis.  See  Gildersleeve,  L.  G.,  685. 


V 


. 


« 


. 


APPENDIX 


1.  DEDICATION  OF  ORATIO  AB  ABRAHAMO 

GETTYSBURG  CEMETERY  LINCOLN  IN  DEDICATIONE 

COEMETERII  GETTYS- 

By  Abraham  Lincoln  BURGENSIS  HABITA 


Fourscore  and  seven  years 
ago,  our  fathers  brought  forth 
upon  this  continent  a  new  nation, 
conceived  in  liberty  and  dedi¬ 
cated  to  the  proposition  that  all 
men  are  created  equal.  Now  we 
are  engaged  in  a  great  civil  war, 
testing  whether  that  nation,  or 
any  nation  so  conceived  and  so 
dedicated,  can  long  endure. 

We  are  met  on  a  great  battle¬ 
field  of  that  war.  We  are  met  to 
dedicate  a  portion  of  it  as  the 
final  resting  place  of  those  who 
have  given  their  lives  that  that 
nation  might  live.  It  is  alto¬ 
gether  fitting  and  proper  that  we 
should  do  this. 

But,  in  a  larger  sense,  we  can¬ 
not  dedicate,  we  cannot  conse- 


Annus  iam  octavus  et  octogesi¬ 
mus  est 1  quum  maiores  nostri 
novam  in  hac  orbis  terra  rem 
publicam  pepererunt,2  quam  liber¬ 
tatis  in  condicione  conceptam 3 
rationi  illi  dedicarunt 4 *  qua  omnes 
homines  natura  aequales  esse  cen¬ 
semus.  Nunc  vero  magno  sus¬ 
cepto  bello  civili  nos  experimur, 
haecne  res  publica  vel  alia,  eodem 
modo  concepta  eodem  dedicata, 
diu  possit  permanere.6 

Eo  in  bello  acerrime  pugnatum 
est  in  hoc  ipso  campo,  quo  nos 
convenimus ;  convenimus  autem 
huc,  ut  in  planitiei  parte  aliqua 
tranquillum  illis  pararemus  por¬ 
tum,  qui,  ut  viveret  haec  res  pu¬ 
blica,  vitam  hoc  loco  profuderunt; 
quod  nos  facere  et  aequum  est  et 
iustum. 

Verum  hunc  locum,  si  altius 
rem  spectaverimus,6  nec  inaugu- 


1  Octavus  et  octogesimus  annus  est  hic.  Or:  Octogesimus  annus  est 
hic  et  octavus;  compare  Cicero  Mil.  98:  centesima  lux  est  haec  ...  et 
altera.  Also:  Octavum  agimus  annum  et  octogesimum; .  compare  Cato 
M.  32:  qu aitum  ago  annum  et  octogesimum.  Or  again:  Annus  ex  eo 
anno  octavus  et  octogesimus  est.  Anni  prope  duodenonaginta  sunt. 

2  Rep.  2,  5:  rem  publicam  serere.  Legg.  1,  19:  constituere  civitatem. 

3  libertate  partam;  libera  condicione  partam  or  procreatam  (Legg.  1,  22). 

4  quum  maiores  nostri  novam  in  hac  orbis  terra  civitatem  libertate  con¬ 

stitutam  rationi  illi  dedicarunt. 

6  per  longum  temporis  spatium  possit  stare. 

6  si  verum  quaerimus;  ut  vere  dicam. 

91 


92 


APPENDIX 


crate,  we  cannot  hallow,  this 
ground.  The  brave  men,  living 
and  dead,  who  struggled  here, 
have  consecrated  it,  far  above  our 
power  to  add  or  to  detract.  The 
world  will  very  little  note  nor 
long  remember  what  we  say  here; 
but  it  can  never  forget  what  they 
did  here. 


It  is  for  us,  the  living,  rather, 
to  be  dedicated  here  to  the  unfin¬ 
ished  work  they  have  thus  far  so 
nobly  carried  on.  It  is  rather  for 
us  to  be  here  dedicated  to  the 
great  task  remaining  before  us: 
that  from  these  honored  dead  we 
take  increased  devotion  to  that 
cause  for  which  they  here  gave 
the  last  full  measure  of  devotion; 
that  we  here  highly  resolve  that 
these  dead  shall  not  have  died  in 
vain;  that  the  nation  shall,  under 
God,  have  a  new  birth  of  freedom, 
and  that  government  of  the  peo¬ 
ple,  by  the  people,  for  the  people, 
shall  not  perish  from  the  earth. 


rare  nec  dedicare  nec  consecrare 
nos  possumus;  quem  illi  ipsi  viri 
fortissimi,  qui  hic  dimicarunt,  sive 
mortui  sunt  sive  superstites,  tanta 
consecrarunt  sanctitate,  ut  nos 
nec  addere  quicquam  nec  demere 
possimus;  nos  enim  quod  hic 
dicimus,1  neque  multum  attendet 
posteritas  neque  diu  recordabi¬ 
tur:2  illi  quod  hic  gesserunt,  nulla 
unquam  obscurabit  oblivio.3 

Quo  magis  nostrum,  qui  vivi¬ 
mus,4  est  ei  nos  operi  perficiendo 
tradere  totos,  quod  illi  tam  prae¬ 
clare  propagarunt;5  nostrum,  in¬ 
quam,  est  huic  tanto  muneri,  quod 
reliquum  videmus,  fungendo  nos 
dedere,  ut  ab  his,  quos  honora¬ 
mus  mortuos,  maiore  discamus 
pietate  eam  amplecti  causam,  qua 
in  defendenda  6  illi  hic  morientes 
pietatem  praestiterunt  summam; 
ut  magno  id  animo  statuamus,  ne 
mortem  illi  frustra  oppetiverint; 
ut  beneficio  Dei  haec  natio  liber¬ 
tate  reviviscat;  ut  denique  res 
publica  popularis,7  quae  et  a 
populo  et  pro  populo  administre¬ 
tur,  ex  orbe  terrae  ne  tollatur. 


ABRAHAMI  LINCOLN  LAUDATIO  GETTYSBURGENSIS 


Abhinc  annos  prope  duodenonaginta 8  patres  nostri  novam  in  hac 
terrae  parte  civitatem  ex  libertate  procreatam  in  illam  consecrarunt 

1  dixerimus  (II  future)  would  include  the  speeches  made  after  Lincoln’s 
address. 

2  neque  multum  attendent  homines  neque  diu  meminerint. 

3  compare  Marcell.  30:  tuas  laudes  obscuratura  nulla  unquam  est 
oblivio.  Mil.  98:  de  me  semper  populus  Romanus,  semper  omnes  gentes 
loquentur,  nulla  unquam  obmutescet  vetustas. 

4  more  fully :  in  vita  sumus  or  mansimus, 

6  auxerunt. 

6  quam  ad  defendendam. 

7  Rep.  1,  69:  populi  imperium. 

8  also:  abhinc  duodenonaginta  prope  annis .  Or:  his  duodenonaginta 
prope  annis;  compare  Cato  M.  50:  qui  his  paucis  diebus  pontifex  factus  est. 


APPENDIX 


93 


sententiam  aequo  nasci  iure  homines  universos.  Nos  hodie  ingenti 
bello  civili  inito  periclitamur,  quem  ad  finem  vel  haec  vel  aliqua  sic 
nata  sic  consecrata  possit  civitas  consistere. 

Convenimus  in  eum  locum,  ubi  acerrime  hoc  in  bello  est  pugna¬ 
tum;  convenimus  autem,  ut  huius  campi  partem  aliquam  ad  supre¬ 
mam  quietem  eorum  consecraremus,  qui  hic  vitas,  ut  illa  viveret, 
posuerunt;  quibus  id  nos  merito  ac  iure  praestamus. 

At  enim  ampliore  quadam  dedicatione,  religione,  caerimonia,  cui  nos 
neque  addere  quicquam  neque  deducere  possumus,  fortes  illi  viri,  sive 
superstites  sive  mortui  sunt,  hanc  terram  pugnando  consecrarunt. 
Paulum  enim  homines  advertent  nec  diu  recordabuntur,  quod  nos  hic 
dicimus:  illi  quod  hic  fortiter  gesserunt,  nulli  unquam  dabunt 
oblivioni.1 

Quam  ob  rem  nos  potius,  qui  in  vita  sumus,  hoc  loco  consecrari 
oportet  ad  reliquias  persequendas  eorum,2  qui  hic  dimicando  tantum 
profecerunt.  Nos,  inquam,  consecrari  oportet  ad  hoc  tantum  opus 
propositum  nobis  atque  traditum:  ut  horum  gloria  mortuorum  incensi 
incendamus  illius  causae  studium,  in  quam  illi  summum  studium 
cumulatissime  impenderunt;  ut  hoc  loco  sanctissime  statuamus,  ne  hi 
mortui  frustra  animas  devoverint;  ut  huic  civitati  nova,  si  Deo  videbi¬ 
tur,  nascatur  libertas;  denique  ut  populare  imperium,  quod  et  a 
populo  et  pro  populo  administretur,  ne  pereat  unquam  in  orbe  terrarum. 

2.  THE  SAILING  OF  THE  DE  ARMADAE,  HISPANO- 
SPANISH  ARMADA  FROM  RUM  CLASSIS,  A  LUSI- 
PORTUGAL  TANIA  PROFECTIONE 

By  James  Froude 


All  being  thus  in  order,  the 
Prince  of  Parma  ready  to  embark, 
the  paternal  admonition  to  the 
English  nation  to  commit  treason 
prepared  for  circulation,  and  the 
last  touches  added  to  the  com¬ 
pleteness  of  the  fleet  in  the  Tagus, 
the  Duke  of  Medina  Sidonia 
sailed  from  Lisbon  on  the  nine¬ 
teenth  of  May. 


His  rebus  omnibus  ordine  con¬ 
stitutis,  duce  Parmensi  ad  navi¬ 
gandum  parato,  libellis,  quibus 
Angli  paterno  videlicet  animo  ad 
parricidium  patriae  sollicitaren¬ 
tur  conscriptis  utque  divulgaren¬ 
tur  3  in  promptu  positis,  ubi  pri¬ 
mum  suum  numerum  naves,  quae 
erant  in  flumine  Tago,  habuerunt, 
“Medinae  Sidoniae  Dux,”  a.  d. 
XIV.  Kal.  Iunias  ab  Olysipone 
profectus  est. 


1  nulla  unquam  delebit  oblivio. 

2  compare  Cato  M.  19:  quam  palmam  utinam  di  immortales  tibi  reser¬ 
vent,  ut  avi  reliquias  persequare,  cuius  a  morte  tertius  hic  et  tricesimus 
annus  est.  Or:  ad  opus  incohatum  eorum. 

3  adque  divulgandum. 


94 


APPENDIX 


The  northerly  breeze  which 
prevails  on  the  coast  of  Portugal 
was  unusually  strong.  The  gal¬ 
leons  standing  high  out  of  water, 
and  carrying  small  canvas  in  pro¬ 
portion  to  their  size,  worked 
badly  to  windward.  They  were 
three  weeks  in  reaching  Finis- 
terre,  where,  the  wind  having 
freshened  to  a  gale,  they  were 
scattered,  some  standing  out 
to  sea,  some  into  the  Bay  of  Bis¬ 
cay. 

Their  orders  in  the  event  of 
such  a  casualty  had  been  to  make 
for  Ferrol.  The  wind  shifting 
suddenly  to  the  west,  those  that 
had  gone  into  the  Bay,  could  not 
immediately  reach  it,  and  were 
driven  into  Santander.  The  offi¬ 
cers,  however,  were  on  the  whole 
satisfied  with  the  qualities  which 
the  ships  had  displayed.  A  mast 
or  two  had  been  sprung,  a  few 
yards  and  bowsprits  had  been 
carried  away;  but  beyond  loss  of 
time,  there  had  been  no  serious 
damage. 


Maiore  autem  coorto  vento, 
qui  in  Lusitaniae  ora  maritima 
plerumque  a  septentrionibus  flare 
consuevit,  aegre  naves  procede¬ 
bant.1  Neque  enim  paullum  ex 
aqua  eminebant  et  velis  pro  sua 
magnitudine  parvis  instructae 
erant,  adeo  ut  uno  demum  et 
viginti  consumptis  diebus  Finem 
qui  dicitur  Terrae  attingerent. 
Inde  autem,  cum  saevire  ventus 
coepisset,  dispersae  partim  Ocea¬ 
num,  partim  mare  Cantabricum 
petiverunt. 

Quae  in  Cantabricum  proces¬ 
serant,  quum — aquilone  in  fa¬ 
vonium  se  subito  convertente — 
impedirentur,  quominus  sine  mora 
pervenirent  ad  promunturium 
Brigantium,  quo,  si  eius  modi 
casus  accidisset,  omnes  naves 
iussae  erant  convenire,  ad  Sancti 
Andreae  sunt  delatae.  Nihilo¬ 
minus  eos,  qui  classi  praeerant, 
nihil  fere  paenituit,  quomodo 
naves  tempestatem  tulissent.2 
Etsi  enim  detortus  malus  unus 
alterve  nonnullaeque  ablatae 
erant 3  antemnae  et  proralia, 
tamen,  facta  aliqua  iactura  tem¬ 
poris,  praeterea  maius  incommo¬ 
dum  acceptum  est3  nullum. 


1  Increbruerat  autem  praeter  consuetudinem  ventus,  qui  in  Lusitaniae 
ora  maritima  plerumque  a  septentrionibus  oritur — a  septentrionibus  flare 
consuevit,  atque  ob  eam  rem  aegre  naves  procedebant. 

2  quomodo  naves  vim  tempestatis  passae  essent. 

3  ablatae  essent — acceptum  esse:  indirect  discourse. 


APPENDIX 


95 


3.  HEROIC  DEATH  OF 
DUNDEE  AT  THE  BATTLE 
OF  KILLIEKRANKIE 


By  Th.  B.  Macaulay 


Lochiel  knew  with  how  much 
difficulty  Dundee  had  been  able 
to  keep  together,  during  a  few 
days,  an  army  composed  of  sev¬ 
eral  clans ;  and  he  knew  that  what 
Dundee  had  effected  with  diffi¬ 
culty,  Cannon  would  not  be  able 
to  effect  at  all.  The  life  on  which 
so  much  depended  must  not  be 
sacrificed  to  a  barbarous  preju¬ 
dice.  Lochiel  therefore  adjured 
Dundee  not  to  run  into  any  un¬ 
necessary  danger.  “Your  busi¬ 
ness  is  to  overlook  everything, 
and  to  issue  your  commands. 
Our  business  is  to  execute  those 
commands  bravely  and  prompt¬ 
ly.”  Dundee  answered  with  calm 
magnanimity  that  no  general 
could  effect  anything  great  with¬ 
out  possessing  the  confidence  of 
his  men.  “I  must  establish  my 
character  for  courage.  Your  peo¬ 
ple  expect  to  see  their  leaders  in 
the  thickest  of  the  battle;  and 
to-day  they  shall  see  me  there.” . . . 

At  the  beginning  of  the  action 
Dundee  had  taken  his  place  in 
front  of  his  little  band  of  cavalry. 
He  bade  them  follow  him,  and 
rode  forward.  The  horse  hesi¬ 
tated.  Dundee  turned  round, 
stood  up  in  his  stirrups,  and, 


DE  DECII  MORTE  IN 
PROELIO  KILLICRAN- 
KIENSI  FORTITER  OBITA 

(Quam  Fortiter  Decius  in  Proe¬ 
lio  Killicrankiensi  Mortem 
Oppetiverit) 

Noverat  Lucius,  quanto  Decius 
cum  labore  exercitum  ex  complu¬ 
ribus  gentibus  collectum  vel  pau¬ 
cos  dies  potuisset  continere;  ne¬ 
que  minus  ignorabat,  quod  ille 
aegerrime  confecisset,  id  Canium 
facere  nullo  modo  posse.  Quam 
ob  rem,  ne  vita,  quandoquidem 
in  tanto  pretio  esset,  pro  inani 
quadam  barbarorum  opinione 
morti  daretur,  Decium  oravit 
atque  obsecravit,  ne  inutili  sese 
periculo  obiceret.  “Summae 
enim,”  inquit,  “rerum  praeesse 
atque  imperare  tuum  est:  no¬ 
strum  erit,  imperata  prompte 
atque  fortiter  facere.”  Ad  quae 
placide  ille  magnoque  animo  ne¬ 
gavit  quicquam  magni  ab  ullo 
unquam  duce  posse  effici,  cuius 
virtus  suis  non  esset  explorata.1 
“Quare  gloria  fortitudinis,  inquit, 
mihi  quaerenda  est.2  Confidunt 
tui,  ubi  acerrime  pugnetur,  ibi 
duces  suos  pugnantes  visum  iri, 
ibidemque  hodie  me  videbunt.” 

Signis  collatis3  Decius,  in 
prima  acie  parvae  equitum  tur¬ 
mae  collocatus,  quum  suos  sese 
subsequi  iussisset,  ipse  equo  pro¬ 
vehitur.  Haerent 4  equites.  Verso 
ille  capite  in  stapiis  erigitur, 
pileoque  in  altum  elato  illos, 


1  qui  a  suis  in  nullo  putaretur  numero. 

2  fortitudinis  mihi  fama  in  tuto  collocanda  est. 

3  commisso  proelio. 

4  haerere;  historical  infinitive. 


96 


APPENDIX 


waving  his  hat,  invited  them  to 
come  on.  A  musket  ball  struck 
him:  his  horse  sprang  forward  and 
plunged  into  a  cloud  of  smoke  and 
dust  which  hid  from  both  armies 
the  fall  of  the  victorious  general. 
“How  goes  the  day?”  said  Dun¬ 
dee.  “Well  for  King  James,” 
answered  his  lieutenant,  “but  I 
am  sorry  for  you.”  “If  it  is  well 
for  him,”  answered  the  dying 
man,  “it  matters  the  less  for  me.” 
He  never  spoke  again,  but,  when 
half  an  hour  later  some  friends 
came  to  the  spot,  they  thought 
they  could  still  discern  some  faint 
remains  of  life.  The  body, 
wrapped  in  two  plaids,  was  car¬ 
ried  to  the  nearest  castle. 


4.  LORD  CLIVE’S  VICTORY 
AT  PLASSEY 

By  Th.  B.  Macaulay 


The  battle  commenced  with  a 
cannonade  in  which  the  artillery 
of  the  Nabob  did  scarcely  any  exe¬ 
cution  while  the  few  field-pieces  of 
the  English  produced  great  effect. 
Several  of  the  most  distinguished 
officers  in  Surajah  Dowlah’s  ser¬ 
vice  fell.  Disorder  began  to 


ut  longius  progrediantur,  horta¬ 
tur.  Tum  vero  glande  percuti¬ 
tur.  Prosilit  equus  inque  fumi 
atque  pulveris  quasi  nubem  im¬ 
mergitur,  qua  uterque  exercitus 
impeditur,  quo  minus  victorem 
ducem  cadentem  conspicerent. 
At  ille  “Quo  tandem  marte,  in¬ 
quit,  dimicamus?”  “Iacobo  regi,, 
inquit  legatus,  omnia  evenere  se¬ 
cundissima:  tibi  vero  doleo  quod 
adversa  accidunt . ” 1  Tum  Decius 
moriens  “Regi  si  bene  est,  nihil 
refert 2  quid  mihi  sit  futurum.” 
Et  continuo  obmutuit.3  Dimidia 
autem  hora  post  amici  nonnulli, 
qui  propius  accesserant,  quum 
vitae  quasi  scintillulas  quasdam 
etiarntum  videre  sibi  viderentur, 
illius  corpus  duobus  opertum 
stragulis  ad  proximum  castellum 
deferendum  curaverunt. 

DE  CLIVII  AD  PLASSEY 
OPPIDUM  VICTORIA 

(Qua  Ratione  Angli  Clivio 
Duce  ad  Plassey  Oppidum 
Vicerint) 

Coniciendis  telis  proelium  com¬ 
missum  est;  quibus  cum  nabob 
nihil  fere  proficeret,4  Angli  pau¬ 
cis  tormentis  tantam  ediderunt 
stragem,5  ut  complures  centu¬ 
riones,  summi  viri,  qui  in  Sura- 
jahi  Dowlahi  exercitu  erant,  inter¬ 
ficerentur.  Cuius  statim  omnes 


1  cum  Jacobo  rege  actum  optime  (praeclare)  est:  tibi  doleo,  quod  in¬ 
commodius.  Cic.  had.  15. 

2  flocci  facio,  pro  nihilo  duco. 

3  quem  continuo  vox  defecit. 

4  Coniciendis  telis,  quibus  proelium  commissum  est,  cum  nabob  nihil  fere 
proficeret,  Angli  paucis  tormentis,  quibus  S.  D.  verberabant  exercitum, 
tantas  ediderunt  ruinas. 

5  tantum  valuerunt. 


APPENDIX 


97 


spread  through  his  ranks.  His 
own  terror  increased  every  mo¬ 
ment. 

One  of  the  conspirators  urged 
on  him  the  expediency  of  retreat¬ 
ing.  The  insidious  advice,  agree¬ 
ing  as  it  did  with  what  his  own 
terrors  suggested,  was  readily  re¬ 
ceived.  He  ordered  his  army  to 
fall  back,  and  this  order  decided 
his  fate.  Clive  snatched  the  mo¬ 
ment,  and  ordered  his  troops  to 
advance.  The  confused  and  dis¬ 
pirited  multitude  gave  way  before 
the  onset  of  disciplined  valor. 
No  mob  attacked  by  regular 
soldiers  was  ever  more  completely 
routed.  The  little  band  of 
Frenchmen,  who  alone  ventured 
to  confront  the  English,  were 
swept  down  the  stream  of  fugi¬ 
tives. 


In  an  hour,  the  forces  of  Sura- 
jah  Dowlah  were  dispersed,  never 
to  reassemble.  Only  five  hundred 
of  the  vanquished  were  slain. 
But  their  camp,  their  guns,  their 
baggage,  innumerable  wagons,  in¬ 
numerable  cattle  remained  in  the 
power  of  the  conquerors.  With 
the  loss  of  twenty-two  soldiers 
killed  and  fifty  wounded,  Clive 
had  scattered  an  army  of  near 
sixty  thousand  men,  and  subdued 
an  empire  larger  and  more  popu¬ 
lous  than  Great  Britain. 


perturbantur  ordines,  ipsiusque 
animum  terror  in  horas  maior 
occupat. 

Tum  quidam  e  coniuratis  urget 
atque  defendit,  optimum  factu 
esse  receptui  canere.  Quod  ille 
consilium,  plenum  insidiarum,  eo1 
libentius  comprobat,  quod  id  ipse 
quoque  terrore  percussus  iam  pri¬ 
dem  animo  conceperat.  Itaque 
cum  receptui  signum  dat,  suum 
ipse  casum  decernit.  Hac  enim 
occasione  arrepta,2  Clivius  suos 
iubet  progredi.  Subito  hostes 
perturbare  ordines,  salutem  de¬ 
sperare,  virtute  nostrorum  disci¬ 
plinaque  superari,  loco  concedere.3 
Quorum  tanta  eo  die  facta  est 
clades,  quantam  nullum  unquam 
vulgus  a  milite  accepit.4  Gallo¬ 
rum  enim  parva  manus,  qui  soli 
nostris  adversi  consistere  ausi 
erant,  una  cum  fugientium  mul¬ 
titudine  ipsi  quoque  in  fugam 
quasi  torrente  quodam  abrepti 
sunt. 

Itaque  spatio  unius  horae  in- 
teriecto  copiae  Surajahi  ita  sunt 
dissipatae,  ut  ex  fuga  non  amplius 
sese  collegerint.  Ex  quibus  non 
plus  quingenti  sunt  occisi;  sed 
eorum  castris  tormentis  impedi¬ 
mentis,  innumerabilibus  carribus 
pecoribusque  innumerabilibus 
nostri  potiti  sunt;  qui  quidem, 
amissis  viginti  duobus,  vulneratis 
quinquaginta,  quum  Clivio  duce 
exercitum  sexaginta  fere  milium 
hostium  disperserunt,  imperium 
sibi  subiecerunt  et  amplitudine 
finium  et  hominum  multitudine 
ipsa  Britannia  maius. 


1  plenum  illud  quidem  insidiarum,  tamen  eo  libentius. 

2  hac  enim  facultate  data,  hanc  enim  occasionem  nactus. 

3  statu  moveri. 

4  quanta  turbae  hominum  a  milite  inferri  potest  maxima. 


98 


APPENDIX 


5.  A  LETTER  FROM  M.  T. 
CICERO  TO  GN.  POMPEY 
THE  GREAT 

Rome,  April,  692. 
My  Dear  General: 

I  hope  that  you  and  the  troops 
are  well. 

Your  official  despatches  have 
been  a  source  of  incredible  de¬ 
light,  to  me  as  well  as  to  the  whole  < 
community.  The  prospects  of  < 
peace  which  you  hold  out  are  fully 
as  bright  as  I  have  always  prom-  1 
ised  the  people  they  would  be —  i 
such  is  my  faith  in  you.  I  beg 
leave  to  add,  however,  that  your  < 
old  enemies,  now  your  friends,  i 
are  in  despair.  They  are  greatly 
alarmed  at  your  letter  because  it 
shatters  one  of  their  fondest 
hopes. 

Your  private  communication,  it 
is  true,  conveys  but  a  faint  expres-  i 
sion  of  your  good  will  towards  me.  1 
Nevertheless,  I  must  say,  that  I  t 
am  pleased  with  it.  I  am  never  i 
happier  than  when  I  recall  the  1 
services  I  have  rendered  to  others,  c 
My  favors  are  not  always  recip-  c 
rocated,  it  is  true,  but  then  I  am  s 
well  content  that  the  balance  of  1 
services  done  should  be  on  my  c 
side.  If  my  ardent  zeal  in  pro-  s 
moting  your  interests  has  not  per-  r 
haps  quite  succeeded  in  winning  t 
for  me  your  friendship,  I  have  not 
the  least  doubt  that  our  common 
political  activity  is  destined  to 
establish  the  friendliest  relations 
between  us. 

1  Marci  filius. 

2  Salutem  dicit:  sends  greetings. 

3  Gnaei  filio. 

4  Si  tu  exercitusque  valetis,  bene  est. 


M.  TULLIUS  M.  F.  1  CICERO 

S.  D. 2  CN.  POMPEIO  CN. 

F.3  MAGNO,  IMPERATORI 

«* 

(Cic.  ad.  Fam.  5,  7) 

Scripta  Romae  mense  Aprili, 
a.  u.  c.  692. 

S.  T.  E.  Q.  V.  B.  E.4 

Ex  litteris  tuis,  quas  publice 
misisti,  cepi  una  cum  omnibus  in¬ 
credibilem  voluptatem;  tantam 
enim  spem  otii  ostendisti,  quan¬ 
tam  ego  semper  omnibus  te  uno 
fretus  pollicebar.  Sed  hoc  scito: 
tuos  veteres  hostes,  novos  amicos, 
vehementer  litteris  perculsos  at¬ 
que  ex  magna  spe  deturbatos, 
iacere. 


Ad  me  autem  litteras  quas 
misisti,  quamquam  exiguam  signi¬ 
ficationem  tuae  erga  me  volunta¬ 
tis  habebant,  tamen  mihi  scito 
iucundas  fuisse;  nulla  enim  re 
tam  laetari  soleo,  quam  meorum 
officiorum  conscientia;  quibus  si 
quando  non  mutue  respondetur, 
apud  me  plus  officii  residere  facil¬ 
lime  patior.  Illud  non  dubito, 
quin,  si  te  mea  summa  erga  te 
studia  parum  mihi  adiunxerint, 
res  publica  nos  inter  nos  concilia¬ 
tura  coniuncturaque  sit. 


APPENDIX 


99 


Furthermore,  I  would  have  you 
know  clearly  what  I  miss  in  your 
letter.  So  I  will  speak  without 
reserve,  just  as  my  character  and 
our  mutual  relations  demand:  I 
have  achieved  successes  of  which 
I  expected  some  acknowledgment 
in  your  letter,  both  for  the  sake 
of  our  friendship  and  for  reasons 
of  a  political  kind.  Probably, 
you  omitted  all  mention  of  this 
matter  purposely,  because  you 
were  afraid  to  give  offence.  I 
can  assure  you,  however,  that  the 
whole  civilized  world  has  set  its 
seal  of  approbation  upon  my 
work  for  the  preservation  of  the 
country,  and  when  you  return 
home  you  will  find  that  I  have 
acted  my  part  with  such  consum¬ 
mate  skill  and  magnanimity  that 
you  will  be  glad  to  have  me — 
who  am  not  so  very  much  inferior 
to  Laelius — be  associated,  in  pub¬ 
lic  as  in  private  life,  with  one, 
like  yourself,  so  far  superior  to 
Africanus. 

Marcus  Tullius  Cicero. 


6.  THE  ASSASSINATION  OF 
CLODIUS 

By  M.  T.  Cicero 

Milo  lingered  in  the  senate  that 
day  until  the  senators  adjourned. 
On  arriving  at  home,  he  put  on 
his  travelling  clothes,  shoes  and 
all,  but  tarried  some  time  while 
his  wife,  leisurely  enough  after 
women’s  fashion,  dressed  herself. 
Then  he  set  out  on  his  journey,  at 
an  hour  of  the  day  when  Clodius, 
had  he  at  all  meant  to  reach  the 


Ac,  ne  ignores,  quid  ego  in 
tuis  litteris  desiderarim,  scribam 
aperte,  sicut  et  mea  natura  et 
nostra  amicitia  postulat:  res  eas 
gessi,  quarum  aliquam  in  tuis  lit¬ 
teris,  et  nostrae  necessitudinis  et 
rei  publicae  causa,  gratulationem 
exspectavi;  quam  ego  abs  te 
praetermissam  esse  arbitror,  quod 
vererere,  ne  cuius  animum  offen¬ 
deres.  Sed  scito  ea,  quae  nos  pro 
salute  patriae  gessimus,  orbis  ter¬ 
rae  iudicio  ac  testimonio  com¬ 
probari;  quae  cum  veneris,  tanto 
consilio  tantaque  animi  magnitu¬ 
dine  a  me  gesta  esse  cognosces,  ut 
tibi  multo  maiori,  quam  Africanus 
fuit,  me  non  multo  minorem, 
quam  Laelium,  facile  et  in  re  pub¬ 
lica  et  in  amicitia  adiunctum  esse 
patiar  e. 


QUOMODO  CLODIUS  IN¬ 
TERFECTUS  SIT  ENARRAT 
M.  T.  CICERO 


Milo  (autem),  cum  in  senatu 
fuisset  eo  die,  quoad  senatus  est 
dimissus,  domum  venit,  calceos  et 
vestimenta  mutavit,  paulisper, 
dum  se  uxor,  ut  fit,  comparat, 
commoratus  est,  dein  profectus  id 
temporis,  cum  iam  Clodius,  si 
quidem  eo  die  Romam  venturus 
erat,  redire  potuisset.  Obviam  ei 
fit  Clodius,  expeditus,  in  equo, 


100 


APPENDIX 


city  that  day,  might  have  been 
back  at  Rome.  On  his  way  he 
met  Clodius  prepared  to  strike  a 
blow:  not  seated  in  a  travel¬ 
ling  carriage,  but  riding  on  horse¬ 
back,  without  any  baggage,  with¬ 
out  his  accustomed  retinue  of 
Greeks,  without  even  the  com¬ 
pany  of  his  wife — something  quite 
foreign  to  his  usual  custom.  On 
the  other  hand,  “this  waylay er, 
who  planned  his  trip  with  the 
thought  of  murder  on  his  mind” 
was  accompanied  by  his  wife — 
ensconced  in  a  four-wheeled  car¬ 
riage — wrapt  in  a  travelling  cloak 
— and  attended  by  a  large  and 
cumbersome  train  of  delicate 
youths  and  maids  in  attendance! 

Milo  chanced  upon  Clodius  in 
front  of  the  latter’s  villa  about 
four  o’clock  in  the  afternoon  or 
thereabouts.  Forthwith,  some  of 
the  Clodian  party,  weapon  in 
hand,  swoop  down  upon  him  from 
their  vantage-ground.  They  face 
his  driver  and  kill  him  outright. 
Then  Milo  threw  back  his  cloak, 
leapt  off  the  carriage,  and  made  a 
spirited  self-defence.  Now  one 
part  of  the  Clodian  retinue  came 
hurrying  back  with  drawn  swords 
to  attack  him  from  the  rear,  while 
another  detachment,  believing 
him  to  be  already  slain,  proceeded 
to  make  havoc  of  the  slaves  fol¬ 
lowing  the  coach.  Such  of  the 
latter  as  were  faithful  to  their 
master  and  willing  to  help  him 
were  partly  cut  down;  the  others, 
though  seeing  that  the  fight  cen¬ 
tred  about  the  carriage,  were  pre¬ 
vented  from  rallying  to  their  mas¬ 
ter’s  assistance;  and,  therefore,  on 
hearing  Clodius  say  what  they 


nulla  raeda,  nullis  impedimentis, 
nullis  Graecis  comitibus,  ut  sole¬ 
bat,  sine  uxore,  quod  nunquam 
fere:  cum  hic  insidiator,  qui  iter 
illud  ad  caedem  faciendam  ap- 
parasset,  cum  uxore  veheretur,  in 
raeda,  paenulatus,  magno  et  im¬ 
pedito  et  muliebri  ac  delicato  an¬ 
cillarum  puerorumque  comitatu. 


Fit  obviam  Clodio  ante  fundum 
eius  hora  fere  undecima  aut  non 
multo  secus.  Statim  complures 
cum  telis  in  hunc  faciunt  de  loco 
superiore  impetum;  adversi  rae¬ 
darium  occidunt;  cum  autem  hic 
de  raeda,  reiecta  paenula,  desiluis¬ 
set  seque  acri  animo  defenderet, 
illi,  qui  erant  cum  Clodio,  gladiis 
eductis  partim  recurrere  ad  rae¬ 
dam,  ut  a  tergo  Milonem  adori¬ 
rentur,  partim,  quod  hunc  iam 
interfectum  putarent,  caedere  in¬ 
cipiunt  eius  servos,  qui  post  erant; 
ex  quibus  qui  animo  fideli  in  do¬ 
minum  et  praesenti  fuerunt,  par¬ 
tim  occisi  sunt,  partim,  cum  ad 
raedam  pugnari  viderent,  domino 
succurrere  prohiberentur,  Mil¬ 
onem  occisum  et  ex  ipso  Clodio 
audirent  et  re  vera  putarent, 
fecerunt  id  servi  Milonis — dicam 
enim  aperte,  non  derivandi  cri¬ 
minis  causa,  sed  ut  factum  est — 
nec  imperante  nec  sciente  nec 
presente  domino,  quod  suos  quis- 


APPENDIX 


101 


themselves  took  to  be  a  fact, 
namely  that  Milo  was  dead,  they 
— well,  I’ll  be  perfectly  candid, 
not  in  order  to  shift  the  responsi¬ 
bility  of  the  crime,  but  simply  to 
state  a  fact— these  slaves  of  Milo 
did,  without  the  bidding,  without 
the  knowledge,  without  even  the 
presence  of  their  master,  what 
every  master  would  want  his  own 
slaves  to  have  done  under  like 
circumstances. 

7  NATIONAL  SORROW  FOR 

THE  LOSS  OF  NELSON 

By  R.  Southey 

The  death  of  Nelson  was  felt  in 
England  as  something  more  than 
a  public  calamity;  men  started  at 
the  intelligence,  turned  pale,  as  if 
they  had  heard  of  the  loss  of  a 
dear  friend.  An  object  of  our 
admiration  and  affection,  of  our 
pride  and  of  our  hopes,  was  sud¬ 
denly  taken  from  us,  and  it 
seemed  as  if  we  had  never,  till 
then,  known  how  deeply  we  loved 
and  reverenced  him.  What  the 
country  had  lost  in  its  great  naval 
hero — the  greatest  of  our  own  and 
of  all  former  times — was  scarcely 
taken  into  the  account  of  grief. 
So  perfectly,  indeed,  had  he  per¬ 
formed  his  part  that  the  maritime 
war  after  the  battle  of  Trafalgar 
was  at  an  end. 


que  servos  in  tali  re  facere 
voluisset. 

(Pro  Milone,  28,  29.) 


MORTE  NELSONII  QUANTO 
ANGLI  MAERORE  SINT 
AFFLICTI 1 

Ex  Nelsonii  morte  multo  Angli 
acerbius  condoluerunt,2  quam  ex 
nescio  qua  calamitate  rei  pu¬ 
blicae;  qui  ea  re  cognita  sic  per¬ 
turbari  sic  pallescere  (sunt  visi), 
ut  qui 3  hominem  amicissimum  e 
vita  excessisse  audivissent.  Ni¬ 
mirum,  qui  in  admiratione  nobis 
et  in  deliciis  semper  fuerat,  de  quo 
gloriabamur  optimeque  speraba¬ 
mus,  is  subito  nobis  ereptus  est: 
quem  quanto  amore  quantaque 
veneratione,  prosequeremur,  per¬ 
spexisse  antea  non  videbamur. 
Ac  dolentibus  nobis  vix  illud  ob 
oculos  versabatur  qualem  res 
publica  virum  amisisset  amisso 
illo  in  rebus  maritimis  exercita¬ 
tissimo — -quo  nemo  neque  nunc 
neque  antea  maior  exstitit:— 
usque  adeo  munus  suum  exple¬ 
verat,4  ut  facto  ad  Trafalgar  proe¬ 
lio  bellum  navale  conficeret.5 


1  quanto  maerore  Angli  oppressos  se  praebuerint. 

2  acerbior  Anglismors  Nelsonii  fuit — mortuo  Nelsonio  acerbior  tota  Anglia 
luctus  versabatur — quam  si  nescio  quam  civitas  calamitatem  accepisset. 

3  ac  si. 

4  usque  eo  sibi  (muneri  suo,  officio  suo)  non  defuerat. 

5  bello  navali  finem  faceret. 


102 


APPENDIX 


It  was  not  from  any  selfish  re¬ 
flection  upon  the  magnitude  of 
our  loss  that  we  mourned  for  him : 
general  sorrow  was  of  a  higher 
character.  The  people  of  Eng¬ 
land  grieved  that  funeral  cere¬ 
monies  and  public  monuments 
and  posthumous  rewards  were  all 
which  they  could  bestow  upon 
him,  whom  the  king,  the  legisla¬ 
ture,  and  the  nation,  would  have 
alike  delighted  to  honor;  whom 
every  tongue  would  have  blessed; 
whose  presence  in  every  village 
through  which  he  might  have 
passed  would  have  wakened  the 
church  bells,  have  given  school 
boys  a  holiday,  have  drawn  chil¬ 
dren  from  their  sports  to  gaze 
upon  him,  and  “old  men  from  the 
chimney  corner”  to  look  upon 
Nelson  ere  they  died. 


Huius  viri  mortui  dolor  tantum 
aberat  ut  ex  ingenti  quodam  no¬ 
stro  ipsorum  damno  desiderioque 
nasceretur,  ut  etiam  multo  esset 
altius  repetendus :  illud  gens  An- 
glorum  doluit,  quod  praeter  ritus 
funebres,  monumenta  locis  pu¬ 
blicis  ponenda,  alia  praemia  mor¬ 
tuo  danda,  nihil  ei  posset  tri¬ 
buere,  quem  rex,  quem  senatus, 
quem  universa  civitas  summo 
honore  afficere  voluissent ;  cui  uno 
omnes  ore  optima  quaeque  pre¬ 
cati  essent;  qui,  quemcunque  vi¬ 
cum  adiisset,1  ecclesiarum  Cam¬ 
panas  ex  somniando  ad  sonandum 
excitasset;  qui  discipulis  diem 
festum2  impertivisset;  qui  pueros 
puellasque  ad  se  spectandum  a 
ludis  abduxisset;  qui  ipsos  deni¬ 
que  senes  a  lare  familiari  avo- 
casset,  ut,  postquam  vidissent 
Nelsonium,  tum  demum  de  vita 
decederent. 


1  cuius  in  vicos  adventu  campanae  e  somnio  excitatae  sonare  coepissent: 
cuius  in  vicos  adventus  campanas  .  .  .  excitassent. 

2  diei  vacationem. 


EXERCISES  TO  BE  DONE  INTO  LATIN 


1.  BABEL 


As  if  there  were  not  more  than  a  sufficiency  of  languages  in  the  world 
already,  those  who  have  nothing  better  to  do  with  their  time  have 
been  inventing,  and  doing  their  best  to  persuade  people  to  adopt, 
universal  languages,  which  will  enable  all  nations  to  converse  after  a 
fashion,  without  any  acquaintance  with  each  other’s  tongues. 

A  short  time  ago,  we  dealt  with  this  subject  of  a  universal  lan¬ 
guage,  and  the  result  has  been  a  rain  of  pamphlets.  The  votaries  of 
Esperanto,  Volapuk,  and  the  Langue  Bleue  have  all  urged  the  claims 
of  their  respective  jargons,  to  be  the  one  world- wide  universal  language. 
So  far  as  can  be  judged  from  a  very  cursory  glance  through  the  rival 
tongues,  the  most  sensible  of  all  and  the  most  easily  understood  would 
appear  to  be  Esperanto,  for  the  simple  reason  that  it  is  founded  more 
closely  than  the  others  on  Latin. 

But  this  at  once  raises  the  question,  Why  should  it  be  thought 
necessary  to  invent  a  new  international  language  when  one  already 
exists,  and  one  which  has  been  the  universal  language  of  civilization 
for  nearly  two  thousand  years. 

Most  people  know  something  of  Latin,  and  the  Chinese,  the  Fiji 
Islanders,  and  others  who  do  not,  might  very  profitably  devote  their 
spare  time  to  studying  a  universal  language  with  a  magnificent  litera¬ 
ture  behind  it.  There  is  absolutely  no  need  to  attempt  to  build 
another  Tower  of  Babel  in  the  present  year  of  grace. — The  Globe ,  London, 
May  25,  1903. 

Vocabulary 


more  than  a  sufficiency:  nimio  plures ;  or  maior  quam  quae 

suppeditat  multitudo  ac  varietas. 

I  have  nothing  better  to  do  with  my  time:  nihil  antiquius  habeo  quam  ut. 

after  a  fashion:  quodammodo. 

without  any  acquaintance:  ignarus.  Lesson  36. 

the  result:  eliminate  this  word  by  changing  the  structure  of  the  sentence. 

Lesson  60. 


I  urge  my  claim: 
from  a  cursory  glance: 
rival  tongues: 
founded  on: 

but  this  raises  the  question: 

civilization: 
with  a  magnificent  literature  behind 
monumenta)  than  which  nothing 
to  devote  one’s  time  to: 


multa  dico,  quare. 

use  leviter  eruditus. 

use  in  hac  contentione  linguarum. 

similis  w.  genitive. 

on  this  account  one  is  'permitted  (licet) 
to  ask. 

politiores  populi.  Lesson  1. 
it:  to  studying  a  literature  (litterae  ac 
is  more  copious.  Lesson  21. 

tempus  vacuum,  otium,  otii  tempus 
insumere  in  aliqua  re. 


103 


104 


APPENDIX 


2.  THE  EVENTS  FOLLOWING  THE  MURDER  OF  CAESAR 

IN  THE  POMPEIAN  CURIA 

Meanwhile  the  curia  was  abandoned  by  the  living,  and  the  marble 
effigy  of  Pompeius  looked  mutely  down  upon  the  prostrate  corpse  of 
his  mighty  rival.  The  assassins  had  proposed  at  first  to  treat  the 
body  with  the  formal  indignities  due  to  chastised  traitors,  and  drag  it 
ignominiously  to  the  Tiber;  but  they  soon  became  aware  that  their 
own  position  was  too  precarious  to  indulge  in  an  act  which  might  pro¬ 
voke  popular  indignation,  and  all  their  care  was  directed  to  providing 
for  their  own  safety. 

During  the  first  hours  which  followed  only  a  few  curious  eyes  in¬ 
truded  upon  the  melancholy  scene :  at  last  three  of  the  murdered  man’s 
attendants  summoned  courage  to  enter  the  hall,  and  removed  the 
body,  stretched  upon  a  litter  imperfectly  supported  at  three  corners, 
while  one  arm  hung  unheeded  over  its  side. 

When  the  conspirators  withdrew  to  the  Capitol  quiet  was  gradually 
restored;  it  was  affirmed  that  they  had  abjured  from  the  first  the  exten¬ 
sion  of  their  vengeance  even  to  the  immediate  adherents  of  their  victim. 
Some  of  them,  it  must  be  allowed,  had  urged,  as  a  necessary  precau¬ 
tion,  the  massacre  of  Antonius  also ;  but  Brutus,  consistent  in  the  prin¬ 
ciples  which  he  brought  to  his  crime,  had  forbidden  an  act  which 
might  seem  to  stain  with  a  trace  of  human  passion  the  purity  of  their 
sublime  sacrifice. — Merivale. 


Vocabulary 


effigy:  statua. 
/  propose: 


rival:  obtrectator. 

animum  induco;  Lesson  5,  Note  2. 


formal:  omit;  see  Lesson  12;  or  by  means  of:  lex. 

that  their  own  position ,  etc.:  that  they  were  in  ho  great  a  danger,  followed  by 


quam  ut. 

to  intrude: 
attendant: 


(se)  insinuare  {scene:  ad  videndum), 
satelles,  itis, 
use  an  adverb. 
imperfectly:  incommodius. 


they  summoned  courage: 
litter:  lectica,  ae. 

they  abjured :  they  said  they  would  not 


(supplicium  sumere  de  quoquam), 
favere  alicui. 

cavere,  ut — occideretur.  Lesson  6. 
ut  erat  constans  consiliique  memor, 


punish: 

adherent: 

precaution: 

consistent: 


purity: 

with  a  trace  of  human  passion:  carried 
sublime:  use  gloria;  Lesson  11. 


quo.  Lesson  13. 
praeclaram  conscientiam. 
away  (abreptus)  by. 


. 


V 


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BOSTON  COLLEGE 


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BOSTON  COLLEGE  LIBRARY 

UNIVERSITY  HEIGHTS 
CHESTNUT  HILL,  MASS. 

Books  may  be  kept  for  two  weeks  and  may 
be  renewed  for  the  same  period,  unless  re¬ 
served. 

Two  cents  a  day  is  charged  for  each  book 
kept  overtime. 

If  you  cannot  find  what  you  want,  ask  the 
Librarian  who  will  be  glad  to  help  you. 

The  borrower  is  responsible  for  books  drawn 
on  his  card  and  for  all  fines  accruing  on  the 


same. 


